■^■1 ss^mwmimmumii m —: «Oh w ^m sS 7M m April, 1926 cranio Limitation .................. .... News and Notes from the Central Office ................. Philadelphia 1926 ........ ................... 18-a Universala Kongreso .... ..................... Necrology ............. ................... First Course in Esperanto . 1 ,a Devoj de Usono ... ............................. M etodo de Propagando .......................... >tes on Esperanto Etymology ......................... KORESPONDANTOJ Finnlando: Erkki S. Turunen. Litovujo: Pulgis Lemaitis. AM ERIK A ESPERANTISTO OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE ESPERANTO ASSOCIATION of NORTH AMERICA, Inc. a propaganda organisation for the furtherance of the atudy and use of the Internationa] Auxiliary Language, Esperanto. Yearly Memberships: Regular $1.00: Contributing $3.00: S 7 $10.00; Life Members $100. HERBERT M. SCOTT, Editor CLUB DIRECTORY This department It conducted solely for ' benefit of our organized groups throughout the country. It he* a means of keeping In close touch with the work in other cities, uange of ideas and helpful sugges- tions, and he formation of valuable friend- ships in a united field of endeavor. BERKELEY, CALIF. -rkeley» « Rondo.—Vinton Smith, OAKLAND, CALIF. «klnnd Ksprranta-Rondo.—L. D. Stockton, v, 420 ISth St. SAN FRANCISCO. CALIF. 1 of California. Inc.— ldinr ,v-r MONTREAL, CANADA. on: Meets er*« >om 25, 747 St. Sek. G. E. Vv arncr. OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLA. La Oklahon rant: to kunvenas dimanĉe kun kaj Klubo, 25 W. Ave. MG' i<6, 156, Oklahoma, Okla. C. R. D. S. Oakiord, iTez. WASHINGTON, D. C. K< ibia Es; to-As< third Thursday October to May; Kabea Klibo, other Thurs- days throughout the vear, at 8 P. M. C sday, at 7.30. All at 1918 Sunderland ce. CHICAGO. ILLS. ■.data Esperanto-Societo, Dvorak Park. —Jaroslav Sobenrad, Secretary, S625 23rd Rd., Cicero, 111. La Esperanto Oficejo, 1669 Blue Island Ave,— :nvenas 2an kaj 4an sab. ciumonate. ROCKFORD, ILLS. Scandinavian I into In e, 419 7th S BOSTON. MASS. >ston Esperanto Society, 507 Pierce Bldg., Sq.—Meets Tuesdays, 7 P. M. Miss M. Batman, Se ry. WORCESTER, MASS. Worcester Coun* me ran to Society.—Busi- ness Institute, every Friday, 8 P. M. BALTIMORE. MD. 1 Baltimore. . Esperanta Rondeto meets 1st and 3rd We.in* enings in month at Md. Academy of ices. DETROIT. MICH. Detroit I 2916 East Grand Blvd.—Or ry at disposal of erybody daily. 7 A. M.-9 P. M.f except Tuea. and Fri Classes meet Tues. and Fri., 8.16 La Pola Esperanto Asocio. 1507 E. Canfielo Lendo. Sek., 3596 29th St. Groups are listed for 12 issues of tha maga- zine, at a cost of only 25 cents for tha two- line insertion. Extra lines are 10 cants each additional. The heading.—name of city or town—i? -rted free. This matter warrants the immediate attention of every club secre- tary. Group Charter—$1.00. NEW YORK CITY. N. Y. The New York Esperanto Society.—Misa L. V. 63 West 94th St. The peranto Supper, is held on tha .• of each month, 6.45 P. M. at icott, 81st St. and Columbus Ave. WEEHAWKEN, N. J. Hi nty Esperanto Society, Box 32, ir\ ■ nion Hill, CLEVELAND S. J. He arters: Room 30? ng. 1 Hill. N. J. Meet Ihe second Tuesday of month. Sec- Mr. O'Brien, 6 Hageman Place, West 'ork, N. Klaso, under ]. I . every Tuesday ex- Room Dispatch Building, II, Xx. J. ntrrn 110 has re- cate M. ■yer .' TORONTO. CANADA. The 'ciety, * rc< meetings, is being organ crested are invited to comn •e Acting , Sro. D. V ikins, 514 J ironto. PHILADELPHIA. PA. Esperanto Society, Henry W. Het; West Phila. High School f meeting for ' M id cl; 1 other ,1 Oficejo, 133 N. 13th St. (Libro- vr de Peter Reilly, Vic-Delegito de Rondeto de Litovaj Esperantistoj, 2833 Liv- ings* t. ITTSBURGH. PA. Espr Academy of Science and Art. — T. D. Hailman, Sec, 310 S. Lang Ave. J* M. MILWAUKEE. WISC. Hesperus Esoerantistm.—S-ino B. H. Keroar, Sek,. 629 Summit Ave.. 3rd Tuesdaya. • P- M. SI 3URG, FLORIDA. Tu' i 4.00 P. M-, E. E. Owen-Flint, Sec. 21 h. OPEKA. KANSAS Esperanto Association. Capt. Geo. P. Morehouse. Sek-ihv no Ltda R. Hardy. 1731 Lane St. Kores-Sek-hno. F-ino Leone Newell. 635 Watson St. Amerika Esperantisto ORGANO de la ESPERANTA ASOCIO DE NORDA AMERIKO 507 Pierce Bldg., Copley Square Boston 17, Mass., U. S. A. ONE DOLLAR A YEAR Vol. 35, April. 1926. No. 6. ESPERANTO'S LIMITATIONS In previous ex sancto remarks we have discussed in a cursory certain pha of the practical utility of international Ian- the present hour. We ha ndeavored to show that i fallibility in its own vast held is immediate and unconditional —that there is nothing to wait for, no chance to take, but thai SperantO is "Johnnie on the spot" wherever there is need of an international language. Its triumph intensive, so to speak, is mplete. Its triumph extensive, of course, can be reached only when it is taught generally thru the primary schools of the world. This last consummation is a superlative, which, however. imp nit as it is ideally, in no way invalidates the positive of concrete value accruing t<< present-day Esperantists, nor the comparative of results in exchange for time, effort and money expended as against national languages. We nevertheless con- e that it is impossible in a full ense to appreciate the hies ings of the international auxiliary tongue without demarcating clcarlv its limitations both as an idea and as a language. There is much popular confusion in tin- regard not only among the general public, but among some arantists themselves. In the first place, Esperanto stands in no sense as a rival o*" the national language r any purpose whatsoever. In point of fact its function is exactly the opposite \s the very epithet "auxiliary" properly nod in connection indicates, its object may fairly he inferred as the positive promotion of the national tongues—which object it accomplishes by relieving the latter the distortions incident upon their use in directions to which they are not inherently -unable. Esperanto is the enemy of pidgin English, "doughboy" French, and Pennsylvania Dutch. It acts to preserve the integrity of the various mother tongues by interposing itself between their intercollisions. Nothing is AMERIKA ESPERANTISTO farther from the vision of the practical Esperantist than a ''uni- versal" language. t»> di-place all existing -|>eech. It is just his business to obviate all yearning for an Utopia about as undesira- ble as it is unattainable. peranto is the friend of such proud little strugglers as Irish, Welsh, Flemish, and Catalonian. I. each race, we say, be free to develop its own genius thru its own linguistic channel, unhampered by alien encroachments and corruptions, for which last Esperanto provides the appro priate clearing pool. To ling another change of metaphor. Esperanto is not de- signed for "home consumption/1 With the sole exception of ersation in bona fide classes for the sake of practice, we do not favor the use of International among those already speaking a common language. This for two main reasons: In the first place, it is apt to create a false impression upon an already too ignorant public as to the purpose of our movement. It always gives this writer a pang somewhat akin to shame when he receives from an English-speaking Esperantist a letter addressed "S-ro" Scott instead of "Mr. Our correspondent probabh thinks he is advertising Esperanto in doing so As a matter i fact he is misrepresenting the movement to every mail clerk who reads the title and t<> every visitor who may see the envelope lying on our table. It is a little thing in itself, but it is the sum of the little things that make- the big thing, and we samideanoj cannot be too careful. Esperanto has a broad field, but there are boundaries to that field, and its would-be friends do not assist its recognition in that field by carrying the language beyond those boundaries. Every casual disinterested observer I - that John Smith and Tom Jones are familiar enough with their mother tongue to know the title "Mr.." and therefore the sub- stitution of "S-ro" on a letter addressed to one of fellow spee.< brands Esperanto prima facie as a superfluity and an affectation. Tin/ second principal i bjection to the use of E perantci (with the sole exception above Stated) among people of the same native speech is that it tend- somewhat to disrupt the language into dialects, according to the several peculiarities of the various linguistic area-. This is a proposition in support of which we receive plenty of documentary evidence. We know some worthy fellow-thinket who | ist in carrying on domestic correspon- dence in la kara lingvo, and invariably their le is a tissue of transliterated English idioms, neet trily enigmatic or unintel- ligible to foreigners. This is the natural consequence i such procedure. When those of common mother tongue write to one another in Esperanto and unconsciously throw in turns of ex- pression borrowed from that mother-tongue, there is no check upon the evil, since the addressee in each case und muds what AMERIKA ESPERANTISTO is written in spite of the mistakes, and there is no practical necessity for improvement < ityle. But when International used according to its design, among people of differing nati\ speech the very opposite results follow, and we have a complete and constant check upon any tendency toward dialects. For each time a writer transliterates a native idiom he puts himself to a greater or less extent beyond the pale of his correspondents' understanding, and they will set him straight ner or later. (To be concluded) NEWS AND NOTES FROM THE CENTRAL OFFICE California I lie Cosmopolitan Club of the Long Beach Polytechnic High School has organized an Esperanto Class with about a dozen members, using the lover Teacher. Canada At Sointula, B. C, a town of about three hundred inhabitants. near \ ancouver, an Esperanto group is meeting every Sunday, With thirty members.. It is made Up of all ages, although most of them young. Our correspondent, Mr. Otava, modestly remark* : "Enthusiasm is fair." but we are inclined to difTer with him. Where else van a town be found with ten percent of its inhabitants studying Esperanto? This little town is making a record in the Esperanto world; we expect to hear more from it! Iowa Two lectures by Professor Pierre Bovet under the auspict «>1 the graduate college of the University of fowa were announced in The Dailj lowan for March 10 and 11: "Child Psychology at the Institute J. J. Rousseau" and "International Auxiliary Languages in relation to child study and education." Interview with Mr. F. H. Battej of the Department of Chemistry who has been an Esperantist for years, and with Dr. Christian Ruckmick • d the Department of Psychology introduced the subject in the University paper, and report of'the lectures followed. One can hardly doubt that Esperanto courses will follow, Louisiana In the Natchitoches Enterprise (La.) J. 0. Haupt of Crowley tells the story o\ Esperanto, and of an unexpected call from the Blackstone family (vagantoj de la mondo) who greeted him in Esperanto when answering the knock at the door. AMERIKA ESPERANTISTO Michigan • Dr. F. S. Onderdonk of the Architectural College at the State University. Ann Arbor, delivered his third Tolstoy League lec- t ture February lXth, the subject being Esperanto. He assert- } that language is a vital international issue and the greatest dis- i tinguishing dfference between one group and another and that j when we have abolished this difference of tongues we will have ' done away with "one of the world's biggest trouble maker He traced the history of the language from its conception by Dr. Zamenhof up to the present time, and said: 'The day is coming when neither this University nor any other will admit a student who 1 not learned the tongue in the high school." Dr. Oderdonk is conducting a class, of which we expect to hear more later. Minnesota The Minnesota Alumni Weekly (University of Minn.) in it- issue of January thirtieth has a three-page article on Esperanto, "Unique Language Experiment just getting foothold in the Northwest through efforts of Minnesota teachers of this tongw The article is in the manner of an interview with Edwin L. Clarke. Sociology Profes 'who is enthusiastic about the fut- ure of the language." There is a general outline of Esperanto, its aims various branches and accomplishments, and from it is quoted one paragraph of the practical use by Mr. Charles 1L Briggs: "Some time ago Mr. Briggs received a letter from an Espe- rantist in Ku ia which has been sent i lly to the represent- ative in Milwaukee. The writer, a chemist, was studying the impurities in wheat, in an attempt to find out if these impuri when they got into Hour caused di- e. He wanted some sam- ples of wheat, and it happened fortunately that the Minneapolis consul was also a flour chemist, so that the man in Russia was ui an unusually tine collection of samples—most of which he would have been unable to get any other way." New York Mr, J. I). Sayers, of Nev York, writes that Prof. J. Benŝahar has just received the incorporation papers of the World Uni< 1 for the Blind. Inc., and will art out on a tour in its inter- est. Being a fervent E-perantist, his work will have two angle —to help the blind through I eranto, and to interest people In Esperanto in connection with his work for the Mind. Pennsylvania Car Prof. Pierre Bovet. la eminenta Direktoro de la "Institut AMERIKA ESPERANTISTO J. J. Rousseau" en Genevo, kaj nun en Usono, bavis nur du tgojn por pasigi en Philadelphia, la grupo ne povis Fari pere de li tiom da propagando por Esperanto kiom oni estis de- zirinta. Tamen, sekve de lastminuta tetefona alvoko al la mem- broj, sabaton, a 13an de Feb.. kclkaj samidoanoj kunvenis i la Sekretario por ricevi la eminentan v'zitanton. La sekvintan tagon ĉe la Vira Klubo de la "Ethical Culture Society" per la o de U. E. A. Delegito, Prof. Bovel • i lis lunĉon kie la efa pamladanto estis D-ro Frank Bohn, vaste konata preleg- isto kios temo i "La Tuta Mondo kaj NiA Tin sinjoro (fe- liĉa okazot) rememoris ke li havis la plezuron renkonti la pro- fesoron en Genevo antaŭ kelkaj jaroj. In per iom da ri- markoj de la lastnomita pri Esperanto, D-m Bohn elokvente deklaris ke la mondo treege bezonas komunan helplingvon, kaj li fervore promesis ke, >e la decide favoros Esperanton, li ĝoje studos gin. El la ĉeestantaro de dudek kvin anoj multaj esprimis sin interesataj pri la progreso de la mondlingvo. Wisconsin Mr. F. A. Ham man, the enthusiastic Esperanto propagandist from Milwaukee at the Cleveland C jress, has prepared a cir- cular. "Friends of Esperanto in North America/1 which he wishes to have Esperantists circuit getting signatures from people who are in favor of the Esperanto m ment. He belie much interest can be created in this way and the "Friends" will not only take up the study but become members of K. A. N. A subscribe to the Magazine and otherwise help forward the work. Further information relating to this will be sent on request 1 the Central ( Iffice. PHILADELPHIA 1926 Though, for a while there w <»me doubt that Philadelphia's esquicentennial International Exposition" was actually to be held tin-, year, the final decision of the Federal I eminent an the cil authorities not only make- the affair certain 1926 but t is every assurance that the Exposition and the accom- panj ing fesl will be on a lie and with a degree i plendor commensurate with the importance of the event in American history which the "Sesqui" will commemorate. All of this has a decided interest to us Esperanti The Ex- ecutive Committee of the E.A.N. A. has determined that the Nineteenth Congress of the \ iation shall occur in "Fratam- urbo" in July from the 20th to the 25th inclusive, and the Local AMERIKA ESPERANTISTO Committee has arranged a tentative program which includes a reception and official opening, five business sessions, a NSper- tulara kunveno." two sight-seeing excursions, a banquet, a pi aganda meeting in the Exposition grounds by arrangement with the authoriti and a "diservo" for those able to remain until Sunday 25th. It will be noticed that the program ha> been made a day longer than is usual with Congresses of E. A. X. A.; this is in order to give abundant opportunities during the week for sightseeing at the Ex ition. The price of the Congress ticket will be Three Dollars. Any unused funds will be turned over, as usual, to the Treasury oi E.A.N. A. In our next announcement, definite mention of the Association's headquarters, hotel rates, etc., will be made Lo gether with details of the Congress program for which we in- vite suggestions from every member and Esperantist. Make your summer plans include the "Sesqui" and the XlX-a Kongreso. Come to Philadelphia ' The Local Committee. 18-A UNIVERSALA KONGRESO DE ESPERANTO kaj INTERNACIA SOMERA UNIVERSITATO Edinburgo, 31 Julio ĝis 7 Aŭgusto, 1926 I,oka Kongresa (Comitate: Hon. Preztdanto, John Merchant; Prezidanto, \\. M. Page. S. S.C.; Vic-Prezidantoj, William Rae, S-ino G. r; Sekretarioj, J. M. Warden, F. P. A., I.. K.. \\ il- liam Ilar\ A O., L. K.: Kasisto, David R. Tullo, S. S.C Komitatanoj, F-ino Jane Baird. George Dickinson, David Ke- nedy. M. A., Robert Stevenson. Adreso pi r leteroj: Sekretarioj. 18-a Kongreso de Esperanto, Edinburgo, tlando. Aliĝtloj: Di donotaj pere de la ĉefaj Gazetoj kaj de la Naciaj Asocioj. Kill ne ricevis ekzemplenm, tie involu peti rekte de la L. K. K. Kotizo: Por ĉiu kongresano senescepte. 20 ŝilingoj Britaj — proksimume 20 Ger. or-markoj, 25 Svis. fr.. 12 Nederl. guld., 5 i Uson. dol. Oportuna maniero sendi la kotizon, estas per Brita tbileto ])or £1 urrency nob pound"), havebla i bankoj en multaj urboj, kaj sendota per registrita (rekomendita) letero. rantia Kapitalo: La L. K. K. zorge penos cviti ian financan deficiton, i, por certigi la financojn, ĉi tin Kapitalo estas fon- dita. AMERIKA ESPERANTISTO Donacoj: La L. K. K. v< ite ricevos donacojn por helpi al plena sukceso de la Kongreso, Blindula Kaso: La L. K. K. akceptas pere de la aliĝiloj, au alimaniere, mondonacojn por ebligi, ke? Blimluloj prirtuprimu an la Kongreso. Logado: Sub-Komitato jam vigle laboras por fari plej modev prezajn, sed lute kontentigajn, aranĝojn pri logado, Detaloj aperos en estonta Bulteno. Fakaj Kunvehoj: Organizontoj bonvolu anonci [rue siajn de- zirojn. Somera Universitato: La L. K. K, daurigas la Someran Uni- versitaton, kaj jam aranĝi- fakultatojn pri Folkloro, Lingvis- tiko, Medicitto, kaj Science Akcepto de Kongresanoj ĉe Britaj havenoj: Rn posta Bui- teno aperos adresoj de U. E. A.-l )elegitoj, ktp., kiuj jam kon- sentis akcepti ĉe Britaj havenoj kongn anojn el aliaj tandoj. Koneernataj anoj skribu rekte al tiuj adresoj ĝustatempe antaŭ alveno. Proponoj: La L. K. K. danke ricevos kaj zorge konsideros fruajn proponojn deklami, kanti, ludi, ktp., ĉe Kongresaj Kon- certoj. PROFESSOR BOVET IN USONO lor the past two months Prof. Bovet has been in many cities in the United States and spoken before various groups, the results of which are already apparent. It is important that we receive the fullest detail ach meeting to u for future reference and lor a report which is to t> nl to Geneva. The following points should be ( ed: When and where did Trot". Bovet speak in your cit How many were present; how many were give a list, if j what tin represented and if their interest in the need of an international language and of K^peranto was stimulated through his talks. Give detailed account of the points m in his talks, the questions and which fol- lowed, etc. Were any present to whom you would like to have Esperanto literature sent? Statement of Ownership, Management. Circulation, etc. required by the Act of Congress of August 24, 1912, of Amerika iAperantisto, published at Boston, Mass. for April, Publisher. The Esperanto \ iation of Xorth America, Inc., Editor, Herbert M. Scott, Moundsville, West Virginia. Owners: The Esperanto Association of Xorth America. Inc. H. \\". Hetzel, President, Philadel- phia, Penna.; J. B. Lindsay, Vice-Pres., Cle\ d. Ohio: B. Pickman Mann Treasurer, Washington, D. C; E. J. Meriam, Secretary, Boston. Mass. No bonds or mortgage (Signed) E. J, Meriam, Secret Sworn to and subscribed before me this twentieth day of March, 1926. . , Hazel E. Smith, Notary Public. My commission expires Jan. 21, 1927 8 AMERIKA ESPERANTISTO NECROLOGY LEMUEL a STOCKTON S-ro Lemuel I). Stockton, delegito de U. E. A. en Oakland. Kalifornio, 69 jaraĝa, subite mortis la 24an de Januaro, 1926. S-ro Stockton ( aa, entuziasma laboranto por Espe- nt<» (lum multaj jaroj, kaj ĉiam kaj di smaniere gin prop indis. Kiam li estis pli juna li estis lerncjo-instruist ed la lastaj dudek jaroj li estis bienvendi En lia oficejo trovigis la Biblioteko de la Esperanto A ciation of California, Inc., kies Bibliotekisto li estis de a organizado, cirkaŭ dek jarojn. Pro tin. ke li mem legis la tutan en ha von de tin Biblioteko u\ 400 librojn kaj broŝurojn) li povis rekomendi al la legantaro la plej bonajn kaj legindajn. La mortinto estis pacama, ĝentila kaj aminda homo. Li e fraŭlo kaj postla unu fratinon kaj du fratojn, Kvankam S-ro Stockton estis neriĉa (oni ot'te diris ke li est la plej honesta bienvendisto en Oakland) li testamentis mil profundan doloron pro la perdo de sia ŝatata amiko. Li ĉiam restu en nia memoro. BENJAMIN PICKMAN M INN With the deepest sorrow we announce the de our belo ] Treasurer Benjamin Pickmatl Mann in Washington W ednesdav, March twenty-fourth. 1848-1926 Harvard—1870 DEZIRAS KORESPONDI Hispai telegrafisto deziras interkorespondadi kun esperanti 10- rafistoj pri telegrafai aferoi. Rafael Torres Medina. Oficial de Tele- grafos, Pedro Abaci (Cordoba, Hispanio. S-ro Jay me V. Sousa, Quazerro (Bahai), Brazilo. PL TO Kiril Staintiiov. Petric, Bulgaria. L. PK. r » Paulo Wildhofer, Kalvaria u. 7, Gyor, Hungario. L. PI. ro Dirk Keesi , Dzn. Uiterweg 200. Aalsmi derlando. L. PL S-ro Civilians, instrui.sto, Kloosterstr. 54. Ecckercn (Antverpeno). Rcdgio. PK". ro Josef Lavicka, Pardubice. Cehoslovakio. PL L. I dig] Topi, Via F Bandiera 1, Spezia, Italio, PI. L. S-ro F. Curto Baste, 36 Xifre Str., Parcelona. Hispanio. PL AMERIKA ESPERANTISTO FIRST COURSE IN ESPERANTO Note: These elementary l< tarted in the September number. are compiled after the so-called "direct" method, discarding translations much as possible, and thus teaching !<> think directly in the language ilsel This is the best way to avoid that which especially renders a be- nner in a new language unintelligible, nai the unconscious literal irporation into the new languag i the idioms of his mother-tongue. The course will proceed entirely in Esperanto, utilizing at first the many nuts and formations that i ommon to English and Esperanto. \n eranto-English key to root> not immediately intelligible will l>e fur- nished in small type at the end of the monthly installment following that in which such respective roots appear. Thus thi will always be a month in which the student's mind can train itself to determine tin meaning of any strange looking root, if at all possible, from the context. LECIONO VIII Verbo Indikativo. Infinitive Calvin Coolidge est-AS la trideka prezidanto de Usono. La unua prezidanto de nia lando est-Is George Washington. En 1928 ni elekt-OS presidanton alian. La ĉefa tasko de la prezi- danto estas defend-I la Konstitucion de LLono. Prezidanton kompetentan la publiko ordinare deziras reelekt-I. Cu vi deziras ricevi leterojfl kaj poŝtkartojn el F.iiropo, Azio kaj Afriko? Se jes, necesas nur lerni Esperanton, kaj vi certe akiros korespondantojn en tiuj kontinentoj,—La Ligo de Naeioj komencas Ivi la problenmjn kaj disputojn de giaj membroj.— La leteroj. kiujn vi sendis al mi, ne koneernas nian komunan aferon; ili aludas aferon absolute alian.—La profesoro invitis min viziti liti ce la kolegio.—En la afltuno ni organizis societon por la propagando de nia aferd (por propagandi nian aferon). Komence ni bavis nur dudek kvin xnembrojn, sed nun ni havas kvindek, kaj post nelonge (ne longe—ne longa tempo) ni akin nt.—-Por stlkcesi, necesas persist!. La lasta jaro estis 1925. La nuna jaro estas 192n. La jaro posta estos 1927. En Esperanto la indikativo havas tri formojn, kiea respekti- \aj signoj estas -as, -is, -os. Tiuj formoj prezentas la tri tempojn (PASinTan, nunan kaj pOStan). La jar.» 1925 estas PASinTa; la jaro L926 ekzistas nun (en la nuna tempo); la jaro 1927 aperos poste (en la posta tempo). Sur la sipoj kaj en la obser\ atorioj oni mezuras la tempon per kronometroj. ( Irdinare oni gin mezuras per horlogq (kiu estas instrumento simila al kronometro, sed ne tie] ekzakta). Kn Esperanto oni uzas la tempo-formojn de la verbo logike, ne l;ni la IDIOtisMoj de niaj naciaj lingvoj. Se la senco rilatas al PASintTa tempo, oni uzas la formon -is; se la senco rilatas al nuna tempo, oni uzas -as; se al posta tempo, -os. Ekzemple: 10 AMERIKA ESPERANTISTO I.a generalo deklaris, ke lia armeo est-AS ku a kaj disciplinita (Ha deklaro estis: "Mia armeo estas1' ktp.). La turisto asertis, ke li rajd-IS sur kamelo en Afriko (Ha aserto estis: "Mi rajdi stir kamelo en Afriko." La profesoro supozis, ke Aleksandro stud-OS la lecionon, sed li eraris (lia supozo estis eraro). (La profesoro supozis: "Alek mdro studos la kvionon.") vSe vi help-OS al mi ce miaj ta I mi vin rice rekompencos, \ i sukcesos nur se vi hav OS sufiĉan paciencon. Kin risk-OS, tin uos.—Se mi saksofon-OS (ludos saksofonon), ĉu vi akom panos min piane?—Ho, mi nur elemente kapablas (ludi) pianon; ia akompano est-OS komika; sed (tamen) se vi de/ir-AS, mi ii akom panos laŭ mia kapablo. La indikativo estas la verbo-formo, kiun oni uzas por asertoj, pozitivaj au negativaj. La infinitive estas la ĝenerala formo de verbo. Gia signo estas -I. Questions 1. What is the indicative mood of any verb of any language used for? (See last paragraph above.) 2. How many tenses has the Esperanto indicative? What a tense? Whal is the Esperanto word for "tense"? 3. Give the ending of the present tense. The paM tense. The future tense. 4. What is the infinitive of a verb? What is its universal tding in Esperanto? 5. What preposition is used with the F.sp. infinitive to e PURPOSE? i See latter part of second paragraph above.) N. B. Use this preposition with the infinitive t<> express pur- e, BUT NOT OTHERWISE, otherwise use the bare in- finitive. 6. In indirect quotations in Esp. what do the tense- to be ed depend on? (See next to last paragraph above.) How does this differ from English usage? 7. In the "if" clause of future conditions what does the tense to be used depend on? (See same paragraph.) How does this differ from English usage? 8. In short, does the tens ,rm to be used in Esperanto de- pend on idiom or on logic? 9. Can you give from the context the meaning of the follov ing new words? Substantivoj : tempo, horlogo, idiotismo. Participo: pasinta lei verbo pasi). Verboj: erari, ludi. Rilata poseda pronomo: kies. Montra adverbo: tiel. •i AMERIKA ESPERANTISTO 11 Tenipa advcrbo: nun. Prepozicio: ĉe (Fr. chez). Konjunkcio: tamen (latina), LA DEVOJ DE USONO (The Duties of America) tie P-ro A. Dombrovski NOTE;—The author of the following article is a Lithuanian, a pri oJ the Roman Catholic Church, for twelve years professor in a theologi- cal seminary, and having suffered exile for Ins devotion to his church. He is one of the Few living "charter membei of the International Lan- guage, li taken up with Esperanto in the very year of its first pit lication, 188) ather Dombrovski is now president of the Lithuanian Esperanto A iation and editor of Litova Stelo ("Lithuanian Star"). Incidentally, he has expressed the desire that the pi it short article be translated into English and published in the daily press ol this coun- try. Our read arc at entire liberty to do so. Duni la lasts mondmilito, volante restarigi devan ordon en Europo, Usono ekdecidis partopreni en la batalo kontraŭ la nn.'iiiii militarismo. Dank" al Usono oferemo kaj tchniko tin militarismo estis fine venkita. Sen belpo de Usono Prancujo j Anglujo estu nepre disbatitaj. Tial, por vere diri, la sola venkinto de Gennanujo estis Usono. Kiel tia, gi havis la devon kronigi sian venkon per justa kaj prudenta paco, des pli. ke la venkita Germanujo, latante moralan autoritaton de Usono, estis petinta gian prezidanton Wilson li laŭ siaj antaŭ nelonge publikigitaj indaj principoj restarigi la paeon inter la militintoj. Tiacele e knnvokita la fama konferenco en Versailles S kiam Wilson tien alyenis, ebriigitaj Prancujo kaj Anglujo tute neatentis lian voĉon kaj liajn laŭdindajn princi- pojn maldelikate piedpremis. La Usona popolo ne terns sian prezidanton, kaj pro tin la rolo de Usono en la difino de kon- diĉoj de Versailles a restis tute seninflua. El tin faki tuj fluis la plej plorindaj sekvo La unua el ili estis; barbara pola militarismo, anstatauin la jus venkitan gennanan. Timantc la revenĝon de I maim jo, Prancujo komencis per ĉiuj fortoj fortigadi sian liganon Polu permesante al gi i le sklavigi ukrainan Galicion, aligi al duonon de Silizio, sed ankaŭ okupi grandajn blankrusajn, grand- kaj rnalj ndrusajn provincojn kaj forrabi trionon de Litovujo, kun ties ĉefurbo, Vilno. Se no estus pli energie defendinta Wilsonajn principojn en Versailles, tiom da polaj maljustaioj eble ne estus okazintaj. Ne farinte tion, Usono forgesis Man kristanan devon kaj farifl ŝulda al Europe 12 AMERIKA ESPERANTISTO ĵ Por forigi tiun suldon, <»ni devas gin ripari, \l (Jsono tin !, riparo ne tro malfacila: al ĝi j iuj ^tat«»j de Efiropo es1 ŝuldaj. Pro tio la volo de Usono, unufoje serioze klarigita, I esto endube atentata de tuta Eiiropo. ■• Kioti do Usono devas al nia sangsoifa malnova tnondo dekiar t Antaŭ c\ i d< deklari, ke pluaj Eŭropaj militoj estas al j Usono nedezirindaj. Por ke tiuj militoj plu ne okazu, la eŭrop ' anoj kreu Unuigitajn Statojn de Europe Sed car tin gran •J organizaĵo ne povas efektiviĝi sen kelkaj politikaj korektoj, do 1 Usono d( montri ilin al Europe La ĉefaj tiuj ktoj estas ■ jenaj: 1. la redono al Germanujo de giaj Vfrikaj kolonioj. 2. la kreo de blankrusa ŝtato el blankrusaj provincoj, kaj de 1 ukraina ŝtato el Galicia kaj ukraina provincoj; ambaŭ ŝtat<»j de endependaj de Polujo. | 3, la redono al Litovujo de okupita de poloj Vilna provin- ce 4. la kreo de la tut-eŭropa plej alta tribunalo por juĝi la ! naciajn kaj politikajn konfliktojn inter LJnuigitaj ŝtatoj de j* Europe ft De tempo kiam Ruslando e - tran rmiĝinta en Sovietajn i| Unuigitajn statojn, la kre<» de Eŭropaj LJnuigitaj ŝtatoj fariĝis t pli urĝa. La devo de t no estas rememorigi al Eur- ke post Amerikaj kaj Rusaj—dei ekvi ankaŭ Eŭropaj I n- uigitaj Ŝtatoj. Kaj, kiam ili efcktivi jono jn kaj id >jn kiel Eŭrop; \ LJnuigitaj Statoj, kion pri Sovietaj LJnuigitaj Ŝtatoj oni diri i as. METODO DE PROPAGANDO EN LA SCIENCA & TEKNIKA GAZETARO En antaŭa noto pri tin t< i (vid. HEROLDO n-ro 92*1825), ni proponis metodon por utiligi resumojn de artikoloj redakti- tajn en 1 Per tiu m lo la direktoroj de la Revuoj interŝanĝas tiujn resumojn; tiamaniere ĉiu el ili ricei la resumojn de ĉiuj sam- kaj Revuoj. Sed se ekzistas en iu fako internacia organismo: fede- io, as* Scejo, k.t.p., pli tafiga solvo estas, ke ĝi publi- kigu mem au per kontrakto kun eldonisto la senmankan aron de tiuj Esperanto-resumoj, senditaj al ĝi de ĉiuj samfakaj Revuoj. AMERIKA ESPERANTISTO 13 Post kiam la interŝanĝado, pri kill ni antaŭe parolis, e organizita kaj montros sian profiton, oni devos klopodi por atingi tiun alcentrigitan publUrigadon; car ĝi estos certe reali- gata en la estonte kiam Esperanto estos universale uzata. Efektive ĝi alportos al ĉiu fakisto eblecon koni, dank'al tin bibliografio, la verkojti faritajn aŭ komencitajn en ĉiuj landoj rilate al la demandoj, pri kiuj li laboradas; kaj pli generale li povos k«»nstati la temojn nunc plej interesindajn kaj la faritajn progresujn en la tuta mondo. Pro tio, tiu kompleta bibliografia verkaĵo havos multnombrajn legantojn kaj abonantojn, (fakajn bibliotekojn, lernejojn kaj institutojn) ; sekve oni trovos facile eldoniston, se la faka centra organismo ne povas eldoni mem tiun gravan verkon. Rollet de lisle ĝenera la Sekretario ATENTU ALILINGVULOJ! En eiu lando neanglalingva ni goje akceptus regulajn kore- spondantojn, kiuj sendus a I ni fresajn artikolojn kaj novajojn ĉiumonate. De tiuj, dum fidela dejorado, ni presus la nomojn sur la fronto de nia gazeto, kaj sendus al ili po du konstanta.i abonoj, kaj ekstraj numeroj (laŭ peto) por propagando. NOTES ON ESPERANTO ETYMOLOGY. In this study an effort is made at tracing the less obvious derivations and obscurer structural principles of the Universala Vortaro. It covers for the most part ground not touched by Bastien's excellent Naulingva Etimologia Leksikono. subaĉeti—the compound is formed after the analogy of Rus. polkupaty (pol'=sub, (po)kupaty=aĉeti). adiaŭ—the ending -aŭ is described by Zamenhof in his "Letero pri la deveno de Esperanto" as a "neutral but definite ending/' and he adds that it was the result of much reflection and prac- tical experiment. In point of fact it is an inflectional ending playing a pail analogous to je among the prepositions and -urn- among the affixes, It covers words which call for a distinctive ending, but to which for one reason or another the regular gram- matical endings cannot be assigned. For instance, a distinction of form is desirable between the derived and the primary ad- verbs. The former, as we know, end in -e (as rapide, bele, etc.) But reasons of euphony and of harmony with the natural Ian- 14 AMERIKA ESPERANTISTO guages call for a vowel ending for most of the latter also. Now each of the five vowels (-a, -e, -i, -o, -u) h already been as- signed Its grammatical function. All that is le ire the diph- thongs -aŭ, -eŭ. -Eŭ not being fluent enough for frequent ti- the choice nar ed down to -aŭ. This -aŭ is one of the rare feature- of Esperanto to which the term "artilical" can in any real sense be applied. The ending may first have occurred X. from the prepositii n laŭ, which ( hall see) rum Ger, laut. The neutral ending is applied also to a number of prepo- sitions (e. g. antaŭ, ĉirkaŭ, kontraŭ, etc.) Such prepositions are i frequently used in composition that it ft necessary f< them to have an assimilative ending ; and as none of the regular grammatical endings were available, -aŭ was naturally indicated. Fruictier's theory (Sin, sek. 210), that words in -au are al the same time adverbs and prepositions, is hardly borne out by u ; for we find that most of the -aŭ words belong quite def- initely to a single grammatical category, and require a new added ending to transfer them to another. -One or two, indeed, (no- tably kvazaŭ) are used in two or more speech-partships with- out inflectional change. Finally, we find with the -au ending the interjection adiaŭ and the adjective pronoun ambaŭ. agordi—a modification of the international root accord-. The ight change is made to distinguish from akordo (same deriv- ation), meaning "chord." (The latter root, while not in U. V., is one of the oldest in the language ( F. K.. B. de 1'V.. ITuictier», and is much more frequently n ed than agordi.) akceli Lat. accelerare. In words from J.at. infinitives in -erare the -er- is dropped to avoid any conflict with suffix -er- (while the -are, of course, = Esp. -i). akno—Neo-Lat. acne (international medical term). akuŝistino—cp. Ru>. akusherka. al—Lat. ad. Final letter tened (as also in Lat. com- pounds; for easier assimilation in phrases and compounds. alia—Lat alius. (The other root for "oth< altr- would n similate readily in compounds.» almenau—Span, al menos, Ital. almeno. For ending see adiaŭ. amelo—Lat. amylum. Central vowel modified after Germ. Amelmehl, Amelkorn, Eng. amelcorn, to avoid affix ending -il.) amindumi—Cp. Rus. Lyubyeznichaty, from lyubeznyiy= aminda | fr. lyubity—ami). amplekso—Lat. amplexus, "an encircling or emhnu The Esp. meaning is "extent, ope." X. says in F. K. p. 253, that where no international root is available for an idea he bor- rowed ordinarily from the Latin, as being a semi-international language. The slight extension of meaning in Esp. is a natural one AMERIKA ESPERANTISTO 15 molanaso—analogy of Polish miekopior (miekki mola). anstatau—Ger. anstatt. i For -aŭ see adiaŭ.) antaŭ—Lat.-Span, ante (Eng. prefix). antaŭtuko—Cp, Fr. devantier (devant=antau), kus. fartuk', perelnik' (perel'^antau). atenci —root slightly modified to dist. fr. atenta. (Cp. agordi above, and otlicrs. i aŭ—Lat. aut (final consonant omitted for euphony, as in Span. ItaL o (same source).) azeno—Lat. asinus. (Central -i- regularly modified in such words to -e-, to avoid conflict with feminini iffix -in-. (This chang i assimilates such words with Fr. pronunciation: mateno—Fr, matin, pr. "matEn.") banto—Germ, band (pron, "bant"), Rus. bant*. baptano—seems to be a purely Esp. formation. barakti—Kus. barakhtatysya. barco—Slavic root for a slavic dish. boji—the rool is a "middle form" stig{ ting Lat. baubari, Fr. aboyer, hal. abbaiare, Eng, to bay (hark The initial a- Fr.-Ital. are excrescences on the primitive root, which Esp. like Eng. drop» (Eng. to bay fr. Old Eng. bayen, abayen from ( >ld Pr. abaier). For similar "middle form" cj>. Esp. juna hetw. Romance juven- and Teutonic yung; also bramo just below. bramo—middle form sue n\x Rom. root brem- and Tent. bream, brasse (! , Brassen (Ger.), brogi—this is Ger. bruhen, modified after Dut. brouen, Swed brygga, Dan. brygge, to prevent conflict with Esp. brui ("to make a noise"). brulumo—the -urn- v are ( ten (and quite legitimately) iliar to Esperanto. WackrilFs admonition, however, not 'to increase them is a safe one. Those in existence are most use- ful ; hut it is doubtful if many more such are needed. bubalo—the b is Fr, Lat. bubalus, the primitive fr. which the international root comes. bufedo—Fr. -Kng.-Gcr. buffet, the t modified, as usually in such words, to prevent conflict with the suffix -et-. (Howe alumeto escaped. Zamenh peat care to prevent confusion of root endings with suffix endings is one of the little touches that gives Esp, it- clarit) implicity. This Might modifica- tion is never (as in Volapuk tried to the extent of mutilation. Moreover the principle applies only to the fundamental and mmon-usage words, as in U. V. In scientific and technical roots no such modification is nee ary, and therefore not ap- plied (e. g. benzino, metilo, mercero, etc.) buko—'buckle" (1 omitted to dist. fr. buklo (same source). 16 AMERIKA ESPERANTISTO 'I'he primitive ropt is Lat. bucca, ''check"—buccula being a dim- inutive. bulko—Rus. bulka. burdo—Fr. bourdon. From roots in -on this syllable is often omitted not for fear of conflict with the fractional suffix -on, but rather i<> avoid a cacophonous jingle with the accusative ending -on. Cp. nacio, papilio, etc. But where such abbrevi ation would give an aspect of mutilation it is not resorted to: e. g. butono below. This is one of the subordinate principle Hsp. which is applied with discrimination, buŝumo-- Cp. Ger. Maulkorb (lit. "mouth basket"), (Inci- dentally, one of the amusing mistakes Z. conf< ed tt> in the Kng. translations in U. V. is this very lateralization from the I ierm,) cejano—Lat. cyanus (Our "cyanic" from same root), celi—Pol. celowac, Rus. tsyelity, Ger. zielen. cerbo—Fr, cerveau, v modified to b after prim root cerebr- cereb- (seen in cerebrum, cerebellum, to avoid conflict with cervo, stag. norda cervo Rus. cyevjernyiy olyeny. cetera—Lat. (exact meaning seen in international etc.) cimo—Lat. cimex, I tab cimice. ciro—Fr. cirage (-age=Ksp. -aj-: the Fr. word comes from Lat. cera, wax, found in the Romance languages and Eng. cere.) colo—Ger. Zoll. ĉano—"middle form" among Fr. chien (de fusil). It. cane (di fucile er. Hahn (of course the Rom. "dog" and Ger. "cock" are not etymologically related). capo—Fr. chape, Rus. shapka, Pol. czapka (pron. chapka). car—Fr. car ("kar" would not do on account of kar-a, dear ĉelo—"middle form" among Ital. cellula. Span, celula, Fr. cellule, Eng. cell, Ger. Zelle, Rus. kelya—all fr. Lat. cella (cellula being a diminutive). ĉerpi—Rus. cherpaty. ĉevalo—Fr. cheval. (It has been remarked that the more in- ternational form would be kaval- (Ital. cavallo, Span, caballo, Port, cavallo, Ger. Kaval-ier, Eng. caval-cade, Rus. kaval-yer- iya. But a distinctive form was desired t<» stand out from re- lated roots such as kavaliro, kavalerio, kavalkado.) ĉielarko—cp. Fr. arc-en-ciel. ĉieliro—analogy of Ger. Himmelfahrt. ĉirkaŭ—Lat.-Ital. circa: for the -aŭ see on adiaŭ, above. cu—Pol. czy (pron. "club*—Fr. u). To be Continued. wmmm mmm ami warn STRIKE WHILE THE IRON 18 HOT—A CLASS THEN AND THERE BOOKS and PROPAGANDA Material of all kinda ara on tale at The ESPERANTO OFFICE Drop ui a postcard asking for a catalog THE ESPERANTO OFFICE, 507 Pierce Building. Copley Square, Beaton 17, 1 ISOLATED STUDENTS! The editor of mtist< merly chairman of examinations of E N. A. offers A PRACTICAL RRESPONl \JCE COURSE in ,NTO in three terms of I s each. This course is guaranteed to prepare one for the advanced examination of I A. and give om iking knowl- edge of the language. Instruction is individua md in case o dure to pass the E. A. N. A. advanced examination upon completion of the course free coaching will be gi until the student passes. Payment is required in advance, but a student may stop work at any time, and fees will be refunded covering the uncompleted portion of the course. Price of 1 (including nstant individual instruction), per term, $15 (in e), Entire course (three terms, in advance) $40. Special Elementary Course. Those foil lementary I. now running in Amerika Esperantisto may n individual instruction and ex- amination upon these with guarante repare the udent to pass the \ minary examination of E. A. N. A., at the special price of $5 per term of ten lessons (in advance). Payment subject to n d pro tanto if work discontinued. Herbert M. Scott of E. A. N. A., foundsville, W. Va. Save Money on Your PERIODICAL SUBSCRIPTIONS Lowest Club Rates on Your List. We make a Specialty of furnishing Magazines of all kinds wherever pub- lished, to subscribers anywhere. Send us your Magazine orders for Quotation THE PALMER CO. 120 Boylston St. Boston, Mass. TUCKER TEACHERS' AGENCY, Inc. 120 Boylston Street Rooms 516-517-518-519 Boston, Mass. ADVERTISE IN ENGLISH — AND IN ESPERANTO Rtklamoj $20. po paĝo— % pafaj afl pli—10 numeroj ten tango $150. Perantoj tkribu. pri rebat*. — --------- STUDY ESPERANTO ESPERANTO HAS THE ENDORSEMENT OF EVERY REASONABLE INVESTIGATOR as the one PRACTICAL auxiliary language Recognized and in use as such since the World War by: The International Red Cro.^ The Id Union of internation \ssociations The F h and Italian ociations for the Advancement of Science The French Academy of : The International Worn ige Alliance The International Peace Bureau The I national Labor Offic The World Union of Women The Catholic 1 national League of Youth The Yot Men's Christian on The In: tional Bureau c is lie I tional Fairs of L< . Paris, Basle, iarcelona, Bratislai ix, \ , Reichenburg, Malrnoe, and H lgfors Thr xposition of Brazil The 1 hamher of Corn and dozens of other organizations UNANIMOUSLY ENDORSED BY LEAGUE OF NATIONS ASSEMBLY By vote of September 21, 1922 HESITATE NO LONGER ELEMENTARY and ADVANCED CLASSES FOR STUDY OF THE LANGUAGE are now just forming in all the principal cities of NORTH AMERICA and courses by correspondence may be arranged for anywhere (If you lack details as to local courses write today to) The Central Office of the Esperanto Association of North America 507 Pierce Bldg., Copley Sq., Boston 17, Mass., Hdqrs. for information & supplies