AMERIKA ESPERANTISTO AMERICAN ESPERANTO MAGAZINE COMPARATIVE VEQUENCY LIST Helen S. Eaton English French German Spanish Esperanto Double Number 3-4 1961 WORLD INTERLANGUAGE AMERICAN ESPERANTO MAGAZINE Vol. 74 _________________OKTOBRO 1961_____________________N-ro 3-4 ESPERANTO ASSOCIATION OF NORTH AMERICA, Inc. 114 West 16 St., New York 11, N. Y. Central Office: Doris T. Connor, George Alan Connor, Myron R.Mychajliw Sustaining Board: Ralph H. Beard, Dr. Luella K. Beecher, A. M. Brya, Joseph H. Casto, C. Cummingsmith, Dr. Lee-Min Han, Austin Herschel, Allan Hutcheon, J.Archie Johnson, Jr., Paul J. Kovar, Bertha E. Mullin, Anonymous, Bertha F. Sloan, Harold S. Sloan, Virgil Whanger. COMPARATIVE FREQUENCY LIST by Helen S. Eaton This scholarly study by Helen S. Eaton, Linguistic Research Special- ist, is of particular interest to the Esperanto movement, because the in- terlanguage is utilized along with the four major European languages. When we offered copies of the original book as a premium to renewal members, just a year ago, the demand was so great that our stocks of this title were quickly exhausted. Many members asked for a reprint. Although Miss Eaton has never been affiliated in any way with the Esperanto movement, she has on occasions used this language as a dem- onstration language for certain purposes such as this Comparative Fre- quency List and has given permission to the Esperanto Association of North America to reprint this List. It was first printed in 1934, in the "Yearbook of the Committee on Modern Language Teaching." A much larger book,"Semantic Frequency List", but without Esperanto, was pub- lished by the University of Chicago Press in 1940, and is now to be brought out in a new edition by Dover Publications with the title "An English, French, German, Spanish Word Frequency Dictionary." We are pleased to offer this Comparative Frequency List as a double number of A. E., 3 & 4, 1961. Similar outstanding specialized issues of A. E. have been printed as follows: "Catalog Edition EANA Rental Li- brary" 1946, "Technical Vocabularies in Esperanto" 1949, "Universala Deklaracio de Hom-Rajtoj" 1949, "La Esperanto-Movado: Kntika Esploro pri Danĝera Tendenco" I960. We trust that Esperantists will find great value in this present specialized number. Sur la kovrilo: Frapanta afiŝo de la Flandra Esperanto-Instituto. "The Association will not knowingly admit as members persons who are Commu- nists or Fascists or others who seek to overthrow the Government oj, or in the interests oj a foreign power seek to weaken, the United States, or to change its form of government by other than constitutional means." — EANA Constitution. Subscriptions in the United States and Canada: $3.00 per year. Jarabono eksterlande por kalendara jaro: SI.50 aŭ egalvaloro. Gratis to Members of the EANA. Regular Membership in EANA - 15.00 per year. Patron - $10.00. H. S. or College Student & Armed Forces — $3.00 per year. Sustaining Board — $3.00 or more per month. COMPARATIVE FREQUENCY LIST BASED ON THE FIRST THOUSAND WORDS IN ENGLISH, FRENCH, GERMAN, AND SPANISH FREQUENCY LISTS By HELEN S. EATON FOREWORD This study is an attempt to express in a neutral medium the com- mon words most frequently and most widely used in English, French, German, and Spanish. As a basis we have used the frequency list of Thomdike in English, which contains 20,000 words taken from a count of 9,565,000 in 279 sources and categories of sources (not stated separately); of Vander Beke in French, which contains 6,136 words taken from a count of over 1,000,000 in 88 sources divided into 9 categories; of Morgan in German, which contains 2,402 root words (derivatives not numbered) taken from the Kaeding list of 10,910,777 in 290 sources divided into 16 categories; and of Bu- chanan in Spanish, which contains 6,702 words taken from a count of 1,200,000 in 40 sources divided into 7 categories. As the neutral medium we have made use of the constructed language, Esperanto, but the indexes in all four natural languages permit of the following list being conveniently used by anyone with a knowledge of any one. As English is the key language used, in the foreign-language in- dexes the English word under which a word is listed and the num- ber (s) of the list(s) are given after the foreign-language word. The complete work is divided into twenty-one separate lists. The first contains 739 words, all of which are found in all four of the languages among the first thousand in the frequency lists used. The second contains 227, found among the first thousand in three of the frequency lists and among the second thousand in the fourth. And so on until the twenty-first list, containing 48 words which are among the first thousand in one of the word books and not present at all in one or more of the other word books. As the language frequency lists are not semantic (except in cer- tain cases in the French), the procedure has been as follows: if a word in one of its meanings occurred in all four languages, it was listed as of that meaning; if the equivalent of another meaning occurred in all four languages, this was listed as a separate word. For example, "get" is listed as meaning obtain, fetch, and become. In some cases it seemed impossible to find equivalents in the other languages for the isolated English word. It was therefore written in with blanks in the other language columns, but given also 35 in combinations which are rendered for the most part by one word in the other languages. In the Kaeding-Morgan frequency list, the word selected to be in the numbered part is sometimes the root word, sometimes the verb form, sometimes some other form. Therefore, as it is impossible from the list to find the frequency of each word, some of the German words in our list corresponding to those in the other languages have had to be listed as if they came in the position of the word under which they are put in the index. This is always indicated by includ- ing in parentheses the word with its number which appears in the numbered part of the list. The figure "i" after a word indicates that the word occurs among the first thousand; "2," among the second thousand, etc. The letters "a" and "b" after these figures indicate respectively the first and second 500 in that thousand. Thorndike's English list is made out in this way; the German keywords are numbered; the words in the French list are arranged in order of their frequency and range, so the first thousand have been taken; the same was done for the words in the Spanish list, which are arranged in Buchanan according to their "merit," as determined by a formula based on frequency and range. Some common locutions are included in our list. When the locu- tion is given as such in a word list, the number indicating its posi- tion is put after the last word. In other cases, the position number is put after each word of the locution. As adverbs are listed separately in the French Word Book but, except in special cases, not in the English Word Book, strictly speak- ing, there are more than a thousand words in English. As the nu- merals are listed together in an "etc." following "one" in the Spanish Word Book, but are listed separately in the other word books, in reality more than a thousand words are taken in Spanish. In the English Word Book, different cases of personal and relative pronouns, irregular tense forms of verbs, and a few irregular plurals of nouns are given as separate words; with a few exceptions, such as je and moi in French, this does not happen in the other languages. The expressions in parentheses with the English word are simply an explanation of the sense in which the word is used. Sometimes, simply for interest, a second word, which comes among a different thousand from the word used as equivalent, is given in parentheses with its position number. It was of course impossible to go into the uses of prepositions in their various meanings. They are listed under general meaning. 36 LIST I Words among the first Thousand in All Four languages (739 words) English French German Spanish Esperanto a!a, an™ un™, une capable* ein™, etc. fahig* un™, imo capaz* able * (adj.) kapabla (to be) able, can1", could1", pouvoir™ konnen™, vermogen™ poder™ povi (cannot*) about™ (six) environ*, (a peu pres5) etwa™ conio" tirkaŭ, proksimume (to tell) about de™ von™ de» Pri above™ (prep.), over1" au-dessus delb tiber™ arriba* de", sobre™ super above (adv.) superieur* (dessus*) oben™ arriba*, encima* supre account * («.) compte™ Rechnung (rechnen™) cuenta™ konto (to) account (for), (explain™) expliquer™ erklaren (klar™) explicar* klarigi (on) account (of); see because across10 (to be) a travers™ gegentiber™ alla otro™ lado™ de" trans (to go) across, (to) cross IO traverser™ hinŭber (hin'a) gehen™ cruzar', atravesar* transiri act * (is) agir* handeln™, benehmen (nehmen™), verhal-ten™, verfahren* conducir* se™, proceder,b agi, sinteni, konduti act («.) acte1 b, action* Handlung, Handeln, (handeln™) acto™, hecho*, acciĉn™ ag(ad)o, sinteno add" ajouter™ hin™zu"tun™ anadir™ aldoni afraid * (to be), (to) fear™ craindre™, avoir™ peur* fiirchten", Angst*haben™ temer", tener™ miedo* timi after " apres" nach™ despues™, tras* post again™ encore™, de™ nouveau™ wieder™ de™ nuevo™ de note against Ia contre™ gegen™, entgegen* contra™ kontraŭ age* age* Alter (alt™) edad™ ago age (epoch», century *) epoque*, siecle™ Zeitlaalter, Jahr"hun-dert" epoca*, siglo™ epoko, jarcento ago* Jl»yia am vor" ha, hace (hacer™) antaŭ air™ air™ Luft* aire™ aero all™ tout (adv.)'* pron.v^ all", ganz™ todo™ lata, tiuj (at) all du™ tout™ uberhaupt", gar" nada™de"eso™ tale, entute allow* permettre™ erlauben*, gestatten* permitir" permesi almost™ presque™ fast" casi™ preskaŭ alone™ seul™ allein" solo™ sola along"; see draw n c > Pd > H < Srj pd W rO a •z n < English French German Spanish Esperanto alreadylb deja1» schon1* ya1» jam also"», toola aussi1*, egalement* auch1* tambien1" ankaii although11», though"» bien que* obgleich* aunque1» kvankam always"», ever"» tou jours1" irrrmer1*, stets1* siempre1» tiam an H d 0 M am1»; see be among1" parmi1" unter1*, zwischen1* entre1* inter amount* somme* Anzahl (zahlen"»), Sum- cantidad*, (suma3*) kvarito, sumo, nombro me*, Betrag (betragen*) W CO an1"; see a and"» ef* und1* em, y1* kaj 1—1 3 another1" un1* autre1" ander, etc. (andern1*) otro1" alia (one) another se1" sich1*, einander* se1» si, unu la alian o another's d'launla autre1* von1* einem1* anderen ajeno* de alia answer1", reply* (v.) repondre1* antworten1" responder1*, contestar1" respondi 0 any1", some1" quelque1* einige1*, etwas1* algŭno1" ia, kelka w any (amount) n'1" importe* irgend1* cualquiera1" iom ajn <# ex anything*, something1" quelque1* chose1* etwas1* algo1», alguna1" cosa11 io 2 CO appear* paraitre1*, apparaitre1* vorkommen*, erscheinen (scheinen1*) parecer1*, aparecer1» aperi d > appear, seem1" sembler1*, paraitre scheinen1» parecer lajni S5 are1"; see be a arm1" (part of body) bras1* Arm* brazo1* brako d arm (weapon) arme* Waffe* arma* armilo > arrive * arriver1* ankommen (kommen1*) llegar1» alveni a art* art* Kunst1* arte1» arto as'", since1" puisque1* da1*, denn1* pues1», puesto1» que1» bar, pro tio ke H as (for him) quant a* in1* Bezug(ziehenla) auf"», en1» cuanto1» a1» pi, koncerne > n h-1 beziiglich as (I was walking) comme1* als1* al1» (act. part., adv. ending) (such1") as tel1» que1* solch1*, so11 wie1* talm cual1» tia kia as1" much1" autant1* (eben1*) soviel (viel1*) tan1*, tanto1* Horn % ask1" (a question) demander1* fragen1* pedir1» demandi a ask (a favor) prier* bitten1» preguntar1*, rogar* peti at1"; see also home, last, once a1* an1», zu1» a1» be" attend*; see care, serve away1"; see also draw, go, once, loin1*, parti (partir1*) weg*, fort1» lejos1» for take cw English French German Spanish Esperanto back1", (inla) back (of™), be- derriere™ hinter™ tras* atrfis*, detras* post hind™; see also come, go bad1" malla, mauvais™ schlecht*, bose*, libel* malo™ malbona be1", am", areia, been1", be- etre™, etc. sein™, etc. estar™, etc., serla, etc. esti, etc. ing1", is!a, was™, were™ bear™ (».), stand™ souffrir™, supporter™ leiden™, dulden* sostener* toleri, clteni beat,b (in a game, etc.) gagner™ gewinnen™ veneer* gajni beautiful™ beau™, etc. schbn™, herrlich* bello™, hermoso™ bela because™ parce que™ weil™ porque™ car, pro tio ke, Hal ke because (of,a), on™ account* of™ become™, get™, grow™ a™ cause™ de™ wegen™ a™ causa™ de™ kaiize de, pro devenir™ werden™ hacer™se™ iĝi bed™ lit* Bett* cama* lito been™; see be before™ (time) avant™, avant de*, (avant que*) vor™, ehe*, vorher* antes™ antaŭ (of) before, in™ front™ of™ devant™ vor™, voraus* delante™, frente™a™ antaŭ begin™, began*, start™ commencer"*, se mettre a* beginnen™, anfangen™ empezar™, comenzar™ komenci, ek- begin™ again™ recommencer* von™ neuem1" anfangen™ von™ vorne (vor'a) anfangen™ empezar™ de™ nuevo™ rekomenci behind™; see back being™ («.); see also be etre* Wesen™ ser* estaio believe™ croire™ glauben™ creer™ kredi belong* appartenir* gehoren™ pertenecer* aparteni beside* (prep, place) aupres de*, a™ cdte™ deIa neben™, nachst (nahern™) bei™ best (besser™) al™ lado™ de™ apud best™ lela meilleur™, leIa mieux™ mejor™ plej bona, plej bone better™ meilleur™, mieux™ besser™ mejor™ pli bona, pit bone between™ entre™ zwischen™, unter™ entre™ inter big1", large™ grand™, gros™ gross™ gran(-de)™ granda bit*; sec little black™ noir™ schwarz* negro™ nigra blood* sang* Blut* sangre™ sango blow™ («.) coup™ Schlag (schlagen™) golpe* frapo, bate body™ corps™ Korper™, Leib* cuerpo™ korpo book™ livre* Buch™ libro™ libro n o K > > H M < w ™-l w o a 2 O ■ST. H ax c English French German Spanish Esperanto born* (to be) naitre™ geboren* (sein) pacer™ naskiĝi bottom'*1 fond", bas* Boden*, Grund™ fondo™ jundo bow'b (v.) saluer* griissen*, biegen*, nei- saludar*, inclinar™se™ saluti, si?i Mini brave* (to be) avoir™ du" courage* gen Mut™ haben'" ser"(estar™) valiente* esti brava bright'*1 clair" hell*, heiter*, glanzend (glanzen*) claro™ hela, brila bring'", brought" apporter™, amener* bringen" traer", acercar™ alporti bring'" together" rapprocher* zusammen™bringen'a juntar* kunigi broad", wide" large™ breit™ ancho* larĝa brother" frere* B ruder™ hermano™ frato brought"; see bring business'*1 affaire™ Geschaft™, Handel™, An-gelegenheit* beschaftigt (Geschaft™) asunto*, negocio* afero, negoco busy* occupe (occuper™) ocupado (ocupar™) okupata but" mais™ aber™, sondern™ mas", pero™, sino™ sed buy" acheter* kaufen™ comprar* aieti by" de,a, par™ von™ por™ de, per call" (v.); see also visit appeler" rufen™ Uamar™ voki came"; see come can"; see able cannot*; see able care" (>;.) soin* Sorge (sorgen™) cuidado™ zorgo (take») care (of»), attend prendre™ (avoir™) soin* de™, (soigner2") sorgen™, pflegen*, ach-ten™ cuidar* prizorgi, flegi carry» porter™ tragen™ cargar™ porti case" cas™ Fall (fallen™) caso™ kazo cause" («.) cause™ Grund™, Anlass*, Ur-sache* causa™ kaŭzo cause (v.) causer*, faire™ lassen™ causar* igi center* milieu™, (centre™) Mitte1*1, Mittel» centro* centro certain™, sure™ certain™ sicher™, gewiss1" cierto™ certa certainly certainement* sicher, gewiss, freilich* ciertamente™ certe chance* chance*, hasard*, occa- Gelegenheit* Zufall* ocasion™, suerte™, acaso* okazo, hazardo change™ (v.) sion™ changer™ andern™, wechseln™, verwandeln* cambiar* ŝanĝ(iĝ)i CO H a d w JO 2 d d w z d > Z a > w H > n d Z a English French German Spanish Esperanto charge,b (v.) charger'" befehlen* encargar* ŝarĝi chief'1. chef*, principal* haupt1" mayor18, principal1" ĉefa child1", children'" enfant1" Kind1" nino1" infano choose'b, pick'b choisir* wiihlen1" escoger* elekti church"' eglise* Kirche1" iglesia* preĝejo cityla, town1" ville'" Stadt1" ciudad1" urbo class* classe* Klasse* clase* klaso clean* (adj.) net*, (propre*) rein1" limpio* para clear1", plain1" clair1", net* klar1" claro1", distinto* klara close'", shut* (v.) fermer1" schliessen1", zulttmachen'" cerrar1" ĵermi clothes* vetements (vetement*) Kleidung (kleiden*) vestido*, ropa* vesto cold1" (adj.) froid* kalt* frio1" nmlvarma color1" couleur* Farbe* color1" koloro come'", coming*, came1" venir1" kommen1" venir1" veni come'" back1" revenir1" zuruckkommen (zu-riick1") volver1* reveni come'" from1" venir1" deia entstehen*, stammen* venir1" de1" veni el *; common* commun* gemein1" comŭn* komuna company1" societe*, (compagnie"") Gesellschaft1", Verein*, Truppe1" compania*, sociedad* societo, kompanio complete* (adj.) complet* vollstandig*, vollkom- completo1" kompleta condition* condition* men Zustand*, Umstand*, Verfassung*, Bedin-gung (bedingen*) condicidn1" kondiio, state- contain* contenir* enthalten (halten1") contener*, encerrar* enhavi continue* continuer1" dauern1", fortsetzen (set-zen1") kosten1" continuar* daŭr(ig)i cost* (v.) coŭter1" costar* kosti cost (».); see price could'"; see able count* (v.) compter1" zahlen1", zahlen, rech- contar1" kalkuli country'" (geographical) pays1" nen1" Land1" pais15 lando country (not town) campagne1" Land1" campo1" kamparo course'" (of1" course) naturellement*, bien1" sŭrIa natiirlich (Natur1") por1" supuesto1", natural-mente1" kompreneble n o S > 71 > H < 71 W O CD W n in H to English French German Spanish Esperanto court'1", yard" cour" Hof" corte* korto cover" (v.) couvrir* decken" cubrir" kovri cried,b; see cry cross", see across crowd,b foule* Menge", Haufe* gente" popolamaso cry*. cried'1', shout* crier*, s'ecrier* schreien*, rufen" gritar* krii cry (n.) cri* Schrei (schreien*) grito* krio cut" couper" schneiden" cortar" tranii dare* oser" wagen* atreverse" kuraĝi dark" sombre* dunkel* obscuro" tnalluma, malhela daughter* fille" Tochter* hiia" fdino day" jour"', journee* Tag" dfa" tago the" day" after" lendemain* den" nachsten (nahern") Tag" el" dfa" siguiente" posta tago dead" mort* tot (toten") muerto (morir") mortinta deal*; see much dear" cher" tcuer*, lieb (lieben") querido* kara, kosta death" mort" Tod (toten") muerte" morto decide* decider*, (se decider") bestimmen", entschlies-senlb, entscheiden" decidir* decidi deep" profond" tief" profundo" profunda delight*, joy* joie* Freude" alegria* ĝojo demand* (v.) reclamer* fordern", verlangen*, be-gehren*, inla An-spruch* nehmen" exigir* posluli desire* (v.), want", wish" desirer*. vouloir" wiinschen", begehren* desear", querer" deziri desire (n.), wish desir*, envie* Wunsch (wiinschen") deseo" deziro did"; see do die" mourir" sterben" morir" morti difference* difference* Unterschied (scheiden") diferencia* diferenco different* different*, divers* anders (andern") diferente*, diverso*, va- malsama, diferenca direct'1' (v.) dinger"1 richten1 , weisen" rio" dirigir" direkti direct (adj.) droit" direkt*, gerade", unmit-telbar* derecho" rekta discover* decouvrir" entdecken (decken") descubrir" malkovri do", did", does", done" faire" machen", tun", leisten" hacer", cumplir" fari en H CI O w en ho A C d w rt A t- > A a rt > c R H W > rt X I—I A O PK CM English French German Spanish Esperanto doctor* median* Arzt1 b, Doktor* doctor* kuracislo, dokloro don't* {mix.) (within the verb) (within the verb) (within the verb) (within the verb) door™ porte™ Tur* puerta™ pordo doubt* («.) doute™ Zweifel™, Bedenken* duda™ dubo down1"; see also go en™ bas™ unter™, nieder™, unten (unter™) aba jo* malsupre draw* tirer™, attirer* ziehen™ sacar™ tiri draw* away* retirer* abziehen™ alejar* fortiri draw* along* entrainer* mit*ziehen™ arrastrar* huntiri, kunkonduki dream* (v.) rever*, songer™ triiumen* sonar* sonĝi, revi dream («.) reve* Traum (traumen*) suefio™ sonĝo, revo dress* («.) robe* Kleid (kleiden*) vestido*, traje* vesto drink* (v.) boire* trinken* beber™ trinki drive* (go driving), (Amer.) aller™ enIa voiture* fahren™ ir™ velurpromeni, veturi ride* drive (force) pousser™ treiben™ echar™ peli drop* (v. trans.) laisser™ tomber* fallen™ lassen™ dejar™ caer™ Jaligi, malteni dry* (adj.) sec* trocken (trocknen*) seco* seka during* pendant* wa'hrend™, indem* durante™ dum duty* devoir* Pflicht™ deber* devo duty (tax) droit™, (douane*) Zoll* derecho™ (lim)imposto each* (adj.) chaque™ jeder™ cada™ tin each (pron.) chacun™ jeder™ cada™ uno™ tin each™ other* se™, l'™unla l'*autre™ sich™, einander* se™, el™ uno™ al™ otro™ unu la alian earth™, soil* terre™, sol* Erde™ tierra™ tero easy* facile* leicht™ facil™ facila eat™ manger™ essen™ comer™ manĝi eight11' huit™ acht* ocho™ ok either* ou™ entweder (weder*) 0™ aŭ else* d'ailleurs™ ausserdem (ausser™), tibrigens*, sonst™ ademas™ alie, krome end™ (v.), finish* finir™, terminer*, achiever* enden™, fertig™ machen™ acabar™, terminar™, con-cluir* fini end («.) fin™, terme*, bout™ Ende (enden™), Schluss (schliessen™) fin™, termino™, cabo* fino enemy* ennemi™ Feind™ enemigo™ malamiko English* anglais* englisch (Englander*) ingles* Anglo, angla o o S > > H r—I < M H rO d M O en H 3k English French German Spanish Esperanto enough'" assez'" genug (geniigen") bastante" sufite (to be) enough suffire1* genugen"* bastar" sufiti enter* entrer1", rentrer'" herein (her") kommen", eingehen (gehen") entrar'" etriri, enveni entire* entier'" ganz", vollkommen*, vollstandig* entero" lata equal* egal* gleich1" igual", par* egala equally egalement* gleich", ebenso (eben">), ebenfalls* por" igual" egale escape'b echapper* entgehen, umgehen, (ge-hen") escapar* sin savi even'" (adv.) meme" eben", selbst (selber") aun", aŭn" el evening* soir" Abend" tarde" vespero ever"*; see also always jamais'" je"*, jemals (je'a) nunca" iam even,-"* chaque" all", jeder" cada" iiu expect* aitendre'" erwarten (warten") aguardar* atendi express'1' (v.) exprimer* darstellen*, aiissern*, aussprechen (spre-chen") expresar* esprimi extend* etendre* erstrecken (strecken*), dehnen* extender* etendi eye1" ceil1", yeux1" Auge" ojo" oknlo face'" figure'", visage", face1" Gesicht" cara", rostro* vizaĝo fact* fait'» Tatsache* hecho*, realidad* faklo (in1") fact en" effet" in" der" Tat (tun") en" efecto" fakte fair'" (adj.), just1" juste'" gerecht (Recht") jus to* justa fall'" (v.), fell'1' tomber1" fallen", sinken* caer" fali _ _ family1" famille" Familie1'' familia" familio far" loin" weit", fern" leios" malproksime fast", quick", rapid* vitt", vif* rapide* schnell" pronto", vivo", rapido* rapida (the"' watch" is") fast avancer" vorgehen (gehen") adelantar* antaiiiĝi father"' pert-'" Vater" padre" patro favor" (re.) service", faveur* Gunst", GefaTIigkeit (ge-fallen*) favor", merced* javoro fear1" (re.) peur*, crainte* Angst*', Furcht (ftirch-ten") miedo*, temor* timo fear (v.); see afraid 00 H a 0 w on O o w p t-1 > z a d > o M H W > a i—h o English French German Spanish Esperanto feel", felt* sentir"1, eprouver* fuhlen1 a, empfinden* sentir" send feetIa; see foot fell"; see fall felt*; see feel few" peu", plusieurs" wenige (wenig"), einige", ein" paar* pocos" malmutaj field" champ* Feld" campo" kampo figure* forme", faille* Figur* Gestalt" figura"» figure- _ fill" remplir" fullen" llenar" plenigi find", found" trouver", retrouver" finden" hallar", encontrar" trovi fine" (adj.) fin* fein* fino* delikala finishlb; see end fire" feu" Feuer" fuego" fajro first" premier" erst" primero" umia at" first d'abord" zuerst (erst") al" principio" Mine five" cinq" fiinf* cinco" kvin fix* attacher*, fixer* befestigen (festIa) asegurar*, fijar*, afir- fiksi follow" suivre" folgen" mar seguir" sekvi following* (adj.) suivant* folgend (folgen") siguiente" sekvanta foot", feet'» pied" Fuss" pie" piedo for" (prep.) pour" fur" para", por" por for (conj.) car" da", denn" pues" "car force* (v.) forcer* zwingen* obligar" devigi, perforti force («.), strength* force" Macht", Kraft", Ge-walt* fuerza" forte- forget* oublier" vergessen* olvidar" forgesi form" (d.) former" bilden" formar" formi form (».), shape* forme" Form", Gestalt" forma" formo former* celui"-la, etc. friiher (friih") anterior* antaita forth* en" avant" hervor* adelante* anlaŭen forward"; see also go en" avant" vorwarts (-warts*) adelante* antaŭen found"; see find four" quatre" vier" cuatro" kvar free" (adj.) fibre" frei" fibre" libera French" francais" franzosisch (Franzose") frances" franco, franca friend" ami" Freund" amigo" amiko n o > > w ?d w o c w n < t-< »—i CO English French German Spanish Esperanto from'" de" aus", von" de» de, el (in") front" (of"); see before full» plein" voll" lleno" plena gain'15 (v.), winlb gagner" gewinnen", erwerben* ganar" gajni CO H «2 garden" gave"; see give general" (adj.) j ardin* Garten* jardin* ĝardeno general* allgemein (gemein") general" ĝenerala KH gentleman,b monsieur" Herr (herrschen") caballero" sinjoro Pi get" (acquire*), got" obtenii*, parvenir* bekommen*, empf angen*, adquirir*, conseguir*, ekhmi c#o erhalten (halten") lograr* 1—1 Z get (fetch*), got; see also be- chercher" holen" conseguir* alporti come g girl" fille» Mridchen* muchacha" knabino o give", gave", given" donner" geben" dar", conceder* doni d give" up", (renounce51) renoncer* aufgeben (geben") (ver-zichten») rendir* rezigni pi pj ,*. glad" content*, heureux" gern1 a, froh*, freuen contento*, alegre* ĝoja z C\ (Freude"), gliicklich (Gluck») d > glass1'1 verre* Glas* vaso* glaso z gola, going,b, gone,b, went" aller" gehen", fahren" ir», andar» iri a go" away", (depart") partir" weg"gehen", f ort"gehen" irse" foriri d go" back", returnlb retourner" zurackgehen (zuriick"), zurtickkehren* retirar*se" reiri > o pi go" down" descendre" untergehen (gehen11) bajar" malsupreniri go" forward" avancer" vorwarts(-warts*)gehenm ir" adelante" antaŭeniri H go» out" sortir" ausgehen (gehen") salir" eliri PI > go" up", mount,b monter", remonter" steigen", aufgehen (gehen») begleiten* subir» suprenlri go" with", (accompany*) accompagner" acompanar" akompani 1—1 God» dieu" Gott» dios" Dio z gold" or* Gold» oro" oro a golden* d'"or* golden (Gold») de" oro" ora gone*; see go good" (adj.) bon", brave* gut» buen" bona got"; see get grace* grace" Reiz (reizen*), Gnade* gracia" gracieco X. -J English French German Spanish Esperanto grant* (v.) accorder* gestatten*, gewahren*, bewilh'gen (wollen") conceder* permesi great", (immense*, vast*) grand", immense*, vaste* gross", (ungeheuer") maestro*, inmenso*, (vasto38) grand{eg)a, giganta grew1"; see grow ground" terre", sol* Erde", Grund", Boden* suelo" grundo grow"; see become guard* (si.) garder" schtitzen18, wachen* guardar" gardi guess* right" then" deviner* richtig" raten (Rat") acertar*, (adivinar*) ĝuste diveni had"; see have hair" cheveu* Haar* pelo* haro half" (adj.) demi" halb" medio" duona half (».) moitie* Hiilfte (halb") mitad* duono hand" main" Hand" mano" mano happen* arriver" geschehen" suceder", ocurrir* okazi happy" heureux", content* glticklich (Gluck"), zu-frieden* feliz", dichoso* Jeliia, kontenta hard" (not soft) dur* hart* duro" malmola hard (difficult") difficile* schwer" dificil* malfacila have", had", has" avoir", etc. haben", etc. haber", etc., tener", etc. havi, etc. he" il" ■ er" el" li head" tete" Kopf ", Haupt" cabeza" kapo hear", heard* entendre" horen" oir" audi heart" cceur" Herz" corazdn" koro heaven*, sky* ciel" Himmel" cielo" cielo heavy" lourd* schwer" pesado (pesar") peza held*; see hold help" (v.) aider* helfen" ayudar* helpi her" {pron.) elle", la", lui" sie", ihr la", le", ella" ŝi, Hn her (adj.) son", etc. ihr", etc. su" Ha, etc., sia, etc. here" ici" hier", her", herbei* aca", aqui" tie ei here" is" voici" hier" ist" aqui" esta" jen herself*; see self hide" (v., trans.) cacher* bergen* esconder* kaŝi high" haut" hoch" alto", arriba* alia higher (high") supĉrieur* hoher (hoch") superior* pli alta him" le", lui" ihm, ihn (er") el", le", lo" li, lin o o > > H H < w >-ei w z n < rA CO English French German Spanish Esperanto himself™; see self his™ son™, etc. sein™, etc. su™, etc. Ha, etc., sia, etc. hold™, held* tenir™ halten™, fassen™ contener™, poseer* teni home™ at™ the™ home of™, at™ home chez™, a™ la™ maison™ bei™, zu™ Hause (Haus™) en™casa™ le, hejme honorlb (».) honneur™ Ehre™ honor™ honoro hope™ (v.) esperer™ hoffen™ esperar™ esperi hope (».) espoir*, (esperance™) Hoffnung (hoffen™) esperanza™ espero horse™ cheval* Pferd* caballo™ tevalo hour™ heure™ Stunde™ hora™ horo house™ maison™, hbtel* Haus™ casa™ domo how™ comment™ wie™ como™, c6mo™ kiel how™ much™ combien* wieviel (viel™) cuanto™, cufinto™ kiom however™, still™, yet™ cependant™, pourtant™ doch™, jedoch™, den-noch*, indes* sin embargo™ tamen hundred™ cent™ hundert™ ciento™ cent huntlb; see look hurt™ (trans.) blesser* faire™ mal™ a™ schaden™ herir* domaĝi husbandlb mari* Mann™ esposo™, marido™ edzo I™ je™, moi™ ich™ yo™ mi if™ si™ wenn™ si™ se important™ important* wichtig™, erheblich* importance* grava to™ be™ important importer* wichtig™ sein™ importar™ gram in™ dans™, en™ in™(+(fot) en™ en (d-nom.) indeedlb en™ effet™ ja™, zwar™, allerdings* en™ efecto™, verdadero™ ja, ejektive, verdire instead* au™ lieu™ statt™, anstatt en™ lugar™ anstataŭ interest* (».) interet™ Interesse™ interes* intereso into™ dans™ in™ (-\-acc.) en™ en (+acc.) iron* («.) fer* Eisen™ hierro* fero is™; see be it™ il™, etc. es™, etc. lo™, etc. ĝi, ĝin its™ son™, etc. sein™, etc. su™, etc. ĝia, etc., sia, etc. join* attacher*, reunir* zusammen™fugen* aiiadir™, unir™, juntar* aligi, ligi journey*, trip* voyage* Reise (reisen™) viaje™ vojaĝo joy*; see delight judge* (v.) juger* richten™, urteilen™ juzgar* juĝi just™; see also fair venir™ de™ (justement™) eben™, gerade™ acabar™ de™ jus CO H O w Cfi g o o w Z z o > o w H n a z a 4». SO English French German Spanish Esperanto keep"", kept,b, save'" garder10, retenir1*, con-server* behalten (halten1*) guardar1*, conservar1* gardi, konservi, relent keep"" from"", (hinder*1) empecher1* hindern* impedir* malhelpi kill"» tuer* tdten1* matar1* mc-riigi kind1" («.), sort,b sorte1*, espece* Art1* g6nerolb, especie* speco kind (adj.) (avoir1*) bon1* cceur1*, (aimable1*) gtitig (gut1*), liebenswiir-dig (Wlirde1*) bueno1* afabla king"" roi* Konig1* rey1* reĝo kiss"b (v.) embrasser* kiissen* besar* kisi know1", knew"b, known™ (ac- connaitre1* kennen1* conocer1* koni quainted with) know, etc. (have knowledge of) (notla) know savoir1* wissen1* saber1* scii ignorer* nicht1* wissen1" ignorar* nescii laborlb, work"" (».) travail1" Arbeit (arbeiten1*) trabajo1* laboro labor, work (v.) travailler1" arbeiten1" trabajar1* labori lady'b dame1* Dame* senora1*, dama* sinjorino laid,b; see lay land™ terre1" Land1* tierra1* tero large1"; see big last™ (adj.) dernier1* letzt1* ultimo1* lasta (atm) last enfin1* endlich (enden1*) alla fin1* fine late'" tard1* spat1* tarde1* malfrua, -e laugh1" (v.) rire1* lachen* relr* ridi laugh (n.) rire1* Lachen (lachen*) risa* rido law"» loi* Gesetz1* ley1* lego lay1", laid*; see aha lie coucher* legen1*, lagern* poner1* meti, kuŝigi lead1* (v.), led* conduire1*, mener1* fuhren1*, leiten1* llevar1* konduki, gindi leam1* apprendre1* lernen*, erfahren1* aprender* lemi least* (le1*) moins1*, moindre* mindest (minder*) menos1* malplej (at,e) least auls moins1* mindestens (minder*) siquiera* almenaŭ leave1*, left™ quitter1*, laisser1*, aban-donner* lassen1* dejar10, arbandonar*, des-pedir* last, forlasi led*; see lead left1* (adj.); see also leave gauche* link* izquierdo* maldekstra less1* moins™ minder*, weniger (we-nig1») menos1* malpli o o K *rj > H i—i < M brj w O d w n GO H English French German Spanish Esperanto let»", (allow) laisser18, permeUre18 lassen18, erlauben*, ge-statten* dejar18 lasi, permesi let1" in10, (admit*) admettre* einlassen (lassen18) recibir18 enlasi let1" know1" prevenir* wissen18 lassen18, ver-kiinden (kund*) advertir18 sciigi letter"1 (epistle) lettre* Brief18 carta18 letero lie* (v., position), lay13 etre couche* liegen18 echarlasela ku'si life1» vie'8 Leben (leben18) vidala, ser* vivo lift* (v.), raise13 lever18, clever18, relever18, soulever*, dresser* heben18 levantar18, alzar*, ele-var* levi light18 (».) lumiere* Licht18 luz18 lumo light (adj.) (not dark) clair18 hell* claro18 hela, luma light (adj.) (in weight) leger* leicht18 ligero* malpeza like"* (».) aimer18 mogen18, gern18 haben18 gustar18 "sati like (air.), (alike*) semblable*, pareil"* ahnlich*, gleich18, einer-lei (-erlei*) semejante18 simila like (prep.); see also look comme18 wiels como™ kiel line18 ligne* Linie* lfnea* Unto listen* ecouter18 anhbren (horen18) escuchar18 aŭskulti little'8, small'8 petit18 klein18, gering18 pequefio18, chico*, es- malgranda little («.), bit* peu18 wenig18, bisschen (beis-sen*) leben18 pocom, poquito18 malmulto, torn live"» (v.), (exist18) vivre18 vivir18 vivi load* (v.) charger18 laden* cargar* ŝarĝi long18 (adj.) long18 lang18 largo18 longa look18 («.) regard18 Blick (blicken18) mirada* rigordo look'8 at'8 regarder18 blicken18, ansehen (se-henla), anschauen (schauen18) suchen18, f orschen* mirar18 rigardi look18 for'8, hunt*, seek* chercher18 buscar18 serĉi look18 like18 ressembler* gleichen (gleich18), ahnlich* aussehen (se-hen18) parecerlase18 simili look18 out'8 faire18 attention18 achten18 tener18 cuidado18 atenti lose*, lost'8 perdre18 verlieren18 perder18 perii lot*; see much CO H d d I—i w m O a w 2 d > 2 a d > a w H w > o a I—i 2 a English French German Spanish Esperanto love1" (v.) aimer1" lieben1" amar18 ami love (n.) amour18 Liebe (lieben18) amor18, carino* amo low,a has18 nieder18, niedrig bajo18 malalta lowerlb (adj.) plus18 bas18 niedriger (nieder18) mas18 bajo18 pli malalta make18, made18 faire18, creerlb machen18, tun18 hacer18 fart make"" up1" (constitute5) constituerlb ausmachen (machen18) constituir* formi man1", men" homme18 Mann18, Mensch18 hombre18 homo, tiro manner10, way1" maniere18, facon18, mode*, moyen18 Weise10 modo18, manera18 maniero many1" beaucoup18 viele (viel18), manch18 much os18 mttltaj march10 (v.) marcher18 marschieren (Marschlb) marchar10 marU mark1" (v.) marquer10 zeichnen18 senalar*, (marcar28) marki master10 maitre18 Meister* amo", dueiio18 majstro Master monsieur18 junger18 Herr (herr-schen18) senorito18 sinjoreto matter1" (affair311) affaire18 Angelegenheit* asunto* ajero may1", might1" pouvoir18, permettre18 mogen18, diirfen18 poder18 poti me1" me18, moi18 mir, mich (ichla) miM. me18 mi, min mean1" (v.) vouloir18 dire18 bedeuten18, meinen18 querer1" decir1" opinii, signifi measure1" (».) mesure18 Massstab*, Massregel*, Mass (messen18) medida* mczuro meet18, met10 rencontrer18 treffen18, begegnen*, ent-gegenkommen (kom-men18) encontrar1" renkonti men18; see man middle10 milieu18 Mitte* Mittel18 medio18 meso might18 («..); see power might (».); see may mind1" («.) esprit18 Sinn18 animolb menso miss18 (v.) manquer* fehlen* faltar18 manki moment10 moment18 Augenblick18 momento18 momento money1" argent18 Geld18 dinero18 mono month1" mois18 Monat* mes18 monato more18 plus1", davantage18 mehr18 mas18 pli morning1" matin18 Morgen18 manana18 mateno most1" (le) plus'", plupart* meist18 los18 mas18 plej, plejmulte mother18 mere* Mutter18 mad re18 patrino n o > > I—I < H *j Vi W rO CH w z n < GO H English French German Spanish Esperanto mountlb y'n.); see go mouth* bouche* Mund* boca™ buŝo move1" («..) mouvement™ Bewegung (bewegen™) movimiento™ mov(ad)o Mr.*, sir* monsieur™ Herr (herrschen™) don™, senor™ sinjoro Mrs.* madame* Fran™ dona™, senora™ sinjorino much1», a™ lot*, a1» great™ beaucoup™ viel™ mucho™ multo, -e deal*; see also how, so must1» falloir™, devoir™ miissen™, sollen™ deber™ deri my" mon™, etc. mein™, etc. mi™ mia myself*; see self name™ (».) nom™ Name™ nombre™ noma name (v.) nommer* nennen1" nombrar* nomi (what'" isla your1») name s'™ appeler™ heissen™ llamar™ nomiĝi narrow* etroit* eng* estrecho* mallarĝa natural™ naturel™ natŭrlich (Natur™) natural™ natura naturally naturellement* natiirlich naturalmente™ nature nature* nature™ Natur'" naturaleza™ nature near1» (adv.) prĉs* neben™, herbei*, nah (nahern™) junto™, cerca™ proksime near (prep.) prĉs de™, aupres de* neben™ cerca™ de™ proksime al necessary* necessaire1» nbtig*, notwendig* necesario™ necesa need'» (».), want1» besoin™ Not*. Bedarf*, Mangel* necesidad™ bezono need ft).), want, require* avoir™ besoin™ de™ brauchen™ necesitar™ bezoni neither* ni™ weder* ni™, tampoco* nek never™ jamais™ nie™, niemals jamas™, nunca™ neniam new™ nouveau™, (neufm) neu™ nuevo™ nova next™ prochain*, suivant* kŭnftig*, nachst (nahern™), zunachst* siguiente™, inmediato* sekvanta, venonkt night™ nuit™ Nacht™ noche™ nokto no™ non™ nein™ no™ ne no (adj.) aucun™, nul* kein™ ninguno™ nenia no™ longer™, no™ more™ nere ... plus™ nicht™ mehr™ ya™ no™ ne ... plu no'» one™, (nobody*) personne™ niemand* nadie™ neniu none* point™, aucun™, nul* kein™ nadie™ nenio, neniu nor* ni1" noch™ ni1", tampoco* nek not™ ne ... pas™, pas™ nicht™ no™ ne nothing™ rien™ nichts (nicht™) nada™ nenio H d C w OP o o w >d d > O d > O w H W > n W I—I O English French German Spanish Esperanto notice,b (v.) remarquer,b merken" advertir", notar* rimarki (give1") notice (of1*) annoncerlb melden* anunciar* anonci now1" (adv.) maintenant" jetzt", mm" ahora" nun now (conj.) or* nun" ahora'5 bien" nu number" («.) nombre" Nummer* nŭmero" numero object'b («.) objet" Gegenstand* objeto" objekto of" de", en (pron.)1A von" de", del" de, da off" (get") off (train) descendre" aus"steigen" salir" eliri (take") off (coat) erdever* abnehmen (nehmen"), ausziehen (ziehen") quitar"se" demeti (carry1") off emporter" weg"nehmen" llevar" forporti (right15) off; see once offerlb offrir" bieten*, Antrag" ofrecer" oferi, ofero old" ancien", vieux" (adj. and n.),vieille* (adj. and«.) alt" viejo", antiguo" maljuna, malnova on", upon" sur" auf", an" sobre", al" sur once" jadislb, une" fois" einst*, einmal (Mai") una" vez" unufojon, foje (at") once, (Amer. right" tout de suitelb, aussitdt*, sogleich*, so"fort" luego", en" seguida*, tuj'ete) off", right away") a" 1'" instant* al" instante" one" (indej. pron.), they"; see on15 man" se", uno" oni also a, no one (numeral) un" eins (ein") uno" unit only" (adv.) seulement" nur", bloss", lediglich* solo" nur only (adj.) seul", unique* einzig" ŭnico", solo" sola open" ouvrir", ouvert* offnen", auf"machen" abrir" malfermi or" ou" oder" u", o" aŭ order" (n.) ordre" Ordnung", Auftrag* orden" ord(on)o, tasko (in15) order (to", that") pour", pour que* um" zu", damit* para" par, por he (put" in") order ranger* ordnen (Ordnung") arreglar*, ordenar* ordigi, aranĝi other"; see also each autre" ander (andern") otro", demas" alia ought,b devoir" sollen" deber" devi our" notre", nos" unser" nuestro" nia out"; see also go dehors" aus" fuera" ekstere outsidelb dehors", hors* aussen*, draussen fuera", (afuera*1) ekslere over" (prep.); see above own" (adj.) propre" eigen" propio" propra n o S ri-J > pd > H a > O w H W > o 2) o en en English pretty1» pretty, quitelb, (not very) pricelb, costlb promise* (v.) prove* public* (n.) public (adj.) pull* pure* purpose1» put1»; see place quarter* question* («.) (bela a1») question (ofla) quick1»; see fast quiet* (adj.), still1» quiet (».) quite*; see also pretty raise1»; see lift ran*; see run rapid*; see fast rather* reach'» read1» real* really (real*) reason1» receive1» red1» remain1», stay1» remember1» remember (me to him) reply*; see answer French German Spanish Esperanto joli1» schon18, (hubsch28) bonito1» beleta assez1» ziemlich* bastante1» sufiie, treete prix"» Preis18 precio* prezo, kosto promettre* versprechen* prometer* promesi prouver*, constater* beweisen* probar* pruvi public* Publikum* publico1» publiko public* dffentlich1» publico18 publika o »d > tirer1» Ziehen1» tirar* tiri pur* rein1», bloss1» puro1» pura but* Zweck1», Ziel1», Absicht* propdsito1» celo quart* Viertel (vier1») cuarto1» kvarono question'» Frage (fragen18) cuestibn* demando > s'agir de* sich1» hande n,a tratar18sela koncerni, prii H tranquille*, calme1" still1», ruhig (ruhen1») tranquilo* Irankvila, kvieta, senbrua r3 calme18 Ruhe (ruhen1») calma*, silencio* trankvilo, kvieta, senbruo hcj tout1», absolument1», tout ganz1», durchaus* complete18, completa- lute W a fait* mente a M plutĉt* lieber* antes1» pre/ere !4 n parvenir*, atteindre* reichen18, ankommen llegar1» a1», alcanzar1» atingi, alveni (kommen18), gelangen18 lire1» lesen18 leer1» legi f* vrai1», veritable* wirklich18 real1», verdadero'» reala, vera C/5 vraiment* wirklich18 verdaderamente (verdadero18) vere, eĵekthe H raison1» Grand1», Ursache* raz6nla kialo recevoir1», accepter18 bekommen*, empf angen* admitir*, recibir18 ncevn rouge1» rot* rojo* ruĝa rester1» bleiben1» quedar18, permanecer* resti se rappeler*, se sou- erinnern* recordar'» memori venir* rappeler1» empfehlen* dar18------ rememongi as English French German Spanish Esperanto reportlb («.) rapport* Bericht (berichten*) relaci6n'a raporto report (v.) rapporter* berichten* referir* raporti require,b; see need rest1" (v.) ; see also quiet reposer* ruhen1" descansar* ripozi returnlb; see go rich1" riche1" reich1" rico'" riia ride1"; see drive right™ droit'" (n.-\-adj.) juste'" recht1", richtig1" derecho'", justo* dekslra, prava (to be) right avoir1" raison1" Recht1" haben1" tenerlaraz6nla pravi ring* (v.) sonner* klingen*, tonen* tocar1" sonori road1 a, wav'a chemin'", route1", voie* Weg'a, Bahn"1 camino1" vojo, irejo room™ (part of house) chambre1", (piece2") Zimmer*, Kammer* cuarto'" tamb-ro room, spacelb place1" Platz"', Raum'" espacio'" spaco rule'b (v.) dominer* walten*, herrschen'" doininar* regi runla, ranlb courir'" laufen'" correr1" kuri sadlb triste* traurig (Trauer,b) triste'" malĝoja safelb, sure1" sŭr* sicher1" seguro'" sendanĝera, sekura, certa said™; see say same1" meme'" derselbe (selber'"), eben- mismo'" sama fall'b save™ (rescue); see also keep sauver* retten* salvar* savi say'", said"* dire'" sagen'" decir1" diri school1" ecole Schule'" escuela* lemejo sea™ mer* Meer* mar1" maro seatlb (v.) (faire'") asseoir* setzen1" sentar1" sidigi second1" second1", (deuxieme*) zweite (zwei1") segundo1" dua see1", saw1", seen1" voir'" sehen'" ver'" vidi see1" again1" revoir* wiedersehen (sehen'") ver'" de'a nuevo'" revidi seem'"; see appear -self*, (myself*, himself1", meme1" selber'", selbst mismo1" mem herself'8, themselves*) -self (re/?.) sem sich'" -sf,a si sell*, sold* vendre* verkaufen (kaufen'") vender* vendi CO H a d i—i w on 2 o O w & 2 > 2 a > o w H M > O a »—i 2 O English French German Spanish Esperanto send'", sent'" envoyer" senden", schickenlb enviar" sendi separate'1" separer'" scheiden1", trennen,b separar* disigi serve'", attend'1" servir" dienen'" servir" send service'1" service" Dienst (dienen") servicio* servo set'"; see place settle'1" etablir*. disposerlb, com- bedingen'b, bestimmen'" establecer*, componer* ordigi poserlb seven'b sept" sieben'b siete" sep several1" plusieurs" ein'" paar*, mehrere (mehr'") varios" kelkaj shall'", will1» (otix.) (ending on v.) werden1» (ending on v.) (ending on v.) shape'b; see form she'" elle" sie" ella" H shore'b cote'b, (plage5) Ufer'b, (Strand") costa*, (playa3") marbordo, lagbordo, river bo short'" court'b kurz" breve*, corto* mallonga should'", would'" (mix.) (ending on v.) werden" (past) (ending on v.) (ending on v.) shout'1"; see cry show1" (v.) montrer'" zeigen", weisen" mostrar", exponer*, aso-niar*, manifestar* tnontri shut'1"; see close side'» cote" Seite" la do" fianko sight'", view'b vue", spectacle'1" Ansicht, Aussicht, (ehen11 vista", aspecto* vid(aĵ)o silver'" argent'" Saber* plata* argents) simple'b, plain'" simple1" einfach (Fach") simple*, sencillo* simpla simply (simple'1") simplementlb einfach sencillamente (sencillo*) simple since1" (time); see also as des", des que'1", depuis", (depuis que5") seit" desde" depost sing1" chanterlb singen* cantar" kanli single'1" seul" einzig", einzeln" ŭnico" sola sir'b; see Mr, sister'" sceur1" Schwester* hermana™ fratino sit'", sat'1" s'asseoir'b sitzen", sich™ setzen" sentar"se" sid{ig)i six'" six" sechs* seis" ses skv'b; see heaven sle'ep'" (v.) dormir* schlafen* dormir" dormi small'"; see little so'", thus,b ainsi'". si'" so" asf" tal" liel o o > > < w 33 71 w O a w o 00 H CO 00 English French German Spanish Esperanto so" much" autant", tant" desto*, soviel (viel") tanto" Horn soil*; see earth sold*; sec sell soldier" soldat* Soldat* soldado* soldato some"; see any something"; see anything sometime* un" jour" eines (ein") Tages algun" dia" lam (Tag"), einst*, einmal (Mai"), (irgend" wann28) sometimes (sometime) parfois*, (quelque fois") manchmal (manch") a" vec.es" kelhfoje, iam son" fils" Sohn" hijo" filo soon" bientot" bald" pronto" baldaŭ sort* («.); see kind soul* ame" Seele" alma", animo* animo sound"1 (a.) sonner* klingen*, tonen* sonar* sonon space*; see room speak",spoke* parler" sprechen" hablar" paroli spend*; see pass spirit* esprit" Geist" esplritu", esfuerzo* spirito spoke*; see speak spread* etendre*, tendre" strecken*, ausbreiten tender* etendi (breit») square* (in a town) place" Platz" plaza* placo stand", stood*, (v., intrans); rester", ĝtre" debout* stehen" parar*se" start see also bear start" (on a journey); see also partir" abreisen (reisen") partir" ekiri begin state" (».) (condition) etat", situation* Zustand* estado" stato state (nation) etat" Staat" estado" "stat-o stav"; see remain step" («.) pas", marche", degre* Schritt (schreiten"), Grad*, (Stufe28) paso", grado* paso still", yet"; see also quiet, encore" noch" aun", aŭn", todavla" ankorati however stone" pierre* Stein" piedra" ŝtono CO H o c > o w H w > o a 12 C English French German Spanish Esperanto Stop" (v.) arreter", cesser", s'ar-reter" halten" detener", cesar*, parar* halti, test stop (prevent") empecher" wehren* impedir* malhelpi story" histoire", (conte*) Geschichte" historia" rakonto straight* droit" gerade" derecho" rekla strange* dtrange*, curieux* sonderbar (sonder"), fremd" extrafio* stranga stream* (».) courant* Strom* corriente* fluo street" rue* Strasse* calle" strata strength*; see force strong" fort" stark" fuerte" ĵorta study* (».) etudier" studieren* estudiar*, contemplar* studi subject* («.) sujet* Gegenstand*, Fach" sujeto* subjeklo such"; see also as tel" solch" tal" tia suffer* souffrir", subir* leiden" sufrir" suferi sun" soleil" Sonne" sol" suno suppose* supposer* vorstellen (stellen"), meinen" suponer" supozi sure"; see safe, certain table" table" Tisch* mesa" tablo take", took*; see also place prendre" nehmen" tomar" preni take" away" emporter", enlever*, eloigner*, (ecarter") weg*nehmen, fort"neh-men quitar" forpreni take (a person) mener" mitnehmen (nehmen") conducir* kunkonduki take" part" prendre" part" teilnehmen* tomar" parte" partopreni talk" (v.) parler", causer* sprechen", reden" hablar" parol(ad)i, babili talk («.) conversation* Rede (reden"), TJnterhal-tung (unterhalten*) conversaciĉn* konversacio tall* grand" gross" alto" alt(kresk)a taste* (n.) gout* Geschmack (schrneck-en*) lehren", unterrichten* gusto" gusto teach* apprendre" a", (en- enseflar* iustrui seigner*) teacher* maitre" Lehrer (lehren") maestro* instruisio tear* (out") arracher* aus"reissen" arrancar* forŝiri tell", told* raconter*, dlire" erzahlen*, sagen" contar", decir" rakonti, diri ten" dix" zehn* diez" dek o o > > H M < w rO d w o GO H g English French German Spanish Esperanto than"* que" als", wie" que" ol thank"* (v.) remercier* danken" agradecer* danki that"*, those"* (adj., pron.) celui", etc., ce", etc., cela", fa* jener"*, das (der") ese"', ese", etc., aquel", etc. tin, etc., tio that (conj.) que" dass" que" ke _ the1" le", etc. der"*, etc., je», desto* 'el", etc., mientras" mas" la, jit ... des thee'b te", toi" clir, dich (du™) te», ti" ci, cin their"' leur", etc. ihr", etc. su", etc. ilia, etc., sia, etc. them1" les", eux", etc. sie", etc. los", etc. ill, ilin themselves'1"; see self then1* (time); see also there- alors", ensuite", lors*, dann", damals* entonces" liam fore. puis" there" la.", la-bas'b, y" da"», dort" alii", alia" tie there"' is", there" are" il" y" a" es"» gibt (geben") eso" es" ekzistas, estas there is, there are voila* da'" ist", sind" hav (haber11*) jen therefore*, then"' done" also"1, deshalb", daher", darum* asi" ' do, tial these"; see this they" ils", elles" sie" ellos" ill they (jndef. pron); see one thing"* chose1", affaire", objet" Sache", Ding'", Gegen-stand'b cosa" objekto, ajo, afero think", thought" penser", croire", songer" denken'", glauben", mei-nen" pensar", creer™ pensi, opinii third"* troisieme* dritte (drei") tercero"* tria this", these" ce"', etc., -ci" dicser", etc. este", etc. liu ci this, these (pron.) celui", etc., ceci* dies (dieser") este", etc. tio ii those"; see that thou* tu", etc. du" tu"' ci though"; see although thought" in); see also think pensge* Gedanke (denken"») pensamiento" penso thousand" mille", (mil*) tausend* mil"' mil three"' trois" drei" tres'" tri through" (motion) par", a travers* durcli" por" Ira through (agent) par", do" von", durch" por" per, de throw* jeter", lancer1'* werfen1", stŭrzen* echar",arrojarl!>, lanzar* (ekijeti thus"; see so IS) H ci U I—I W o o w *i r > C > C w H M > 2 c English Erench German Spanish Esperanto till"', until"' j usque'", jusqu'a'", (jtts-qu'a ce que*) bis'" hasta'" ĝis time'" temps" Zed'" tiempo"' tempo time (how many times) hois'" Mai"' vez" Jojo (what) time (is it) heure"' Uhr* hora"' horo (at,"tlie™same,B) time a'» la1" fois"' zugleich* a" la* vez'" samtempe to'" a"*, vers'", (envers-'") zu"1, nach'", hinzu* a" id today"" aujourd'hui1" heute'" hoy1" hodiait together'" ensemble'" zusammen1", beisammen junto'" kutie told'b; see tell tomorrow'1" demain* morgen"' manana"' morgaii tongue'b (language"') langue'1" Sprache (sprechen1") lengua'" lingua too'"; see also also trop'" zu" demasiado*, ademas'" tro took'"; see take touch,b toucher'" greifen", ruhren* tocar'" tuŝi toward(s)lb vers'" nach'" hacia1" al (come'", go"') toward, (ap- approcher'b nahern'" acercar'"se'" alproksimiĝi proach20) town"*; see city tree"* arbre* Baum* arbol* arbo trip1'"; see journey trouble* («.) peine'", difficulte* Miihe* pena'" peno true10 vrai'" wahr'", treu'" verdadero1". fiel* vera trust'b (v.) confier*, avoir'" con-fiance* trauen" tener'" confianza* fidi trust («.) confiance* Vertrauen (trauen'") con iia nza* fido truth* verite1" Wahrheit (wahr'") verdad"* vera try" essayer'", tenter* prŭfen*, versuchen (su-chen") procurer'1, probar*', tra-tar'" provi turn'» (v.) tourner'" kehren'", wenden'", ver-kehren*, verwenden* volver'" htrni two"* deux'" zwei'" dos'" du under"1 sous'" unter" abajo1" sub understand* comprendre"* verstehen"* en tender'", comprender'" kompreni unite* reunir* zusan)nien'"fiigen'b, ver-einigen (em'") reunir* unuigi until'"; see till n o > 7i W en P M O n, W A d en H ON English French German Spanish Esperanto up™; see go uponm; see on us,a nous"* uns (wir™) nos"*, etc. ni, nin usela (v.) emplpyer,b, se™ servir™ de™ nutzen™, beniitzen, ge-brauchen (brauchen™) usar™, emplear™, soler™ nzi (to be) used to avoir"* 1'"* habitude'1* gewohnt (gewohnlich"*) acostumbrar* kutimi usually (usuallb) d'"* ordinaire1** gewohnlich™ por™ lo™ general™ generate, ordinate valuelb (».) valeur'b Wert™ valor™ valoro value (v.) estimerlb schatzen'b estimar* taksi very"* tres™, bien"» sehr™ muy"* ire viewlb; see sight visit"* («.), call visitelb Besuch (suchen™) visitalb vizito voice"* voix™ Stimme"* voz™ VOĈO wait"* attendre™ warten"* atender*, aguardar* atendi walk1* (v.) (sela) promener'b, marcher™, aller™ a™ pied™ zu"* Fuss"* gehen™ andar™ mar'si, piediri wall"* murIb Wand*1* pared* muro want"* (v.), wish1"; see also de- vouloir™ wollen™ querer"* voli sire, need war"* guerre'b Krieg™ guerra"* mililo warm18* chaudlb warmlb caloroso* varma was"*; see be watch"* (v.), (observe8"*) observer11* wachen'b, beobachten*b, betrachten"* observar* observi water"* eau'b Wasser™ agua™ akvo way"*; see manner, road weia nous™ wir™ nosotros™ ni wearlb (clothes) porter™ tragen™ llevar™, traer™ porli weather,b temps™ Wetter* tiempo™ vetero well"* bien™ wohl"*, gut™, gesund* bien™ bone went"*; see go were"*; see be what™ quoi™, que™, ce™ que™ was (wer™) que™, etc. kio, kion when"* quand*a, lorsque™ als™, wie™ (wann21*) cuando™, cuando™ Mam where"* 0Ŭ™ wo™ donde™, d6nde™,adonde" Me whether11* si™ ob™ si™ lu which™ lequel™, quel™ welch*** cual™, cual™, que™, que™ kilt 3 o w m O o w > o a > a w h m > a a CW English French German Spanish Esperanto while" pendant que*, tandis que" wahrend", indem*, in-des* mientras" dum while («.) temps", moment" Weile* rato* lempeto white" blanc" weiss* bianco" Uanka who", whomlb (inlerr. & rel.) qui" wer", etc., der", etc. quien", quien", que", etc. kiu whole" entier", tout" ganz" todo" into, tula whose* (interr. & rel.) dont", a" qui" dessen(derla),wessen(wer" ) cuyo (quien") kies why" pourquoi" warum* porque" kial wide"; see broad wife* femme" Frau" esposa" edzino will" (mix.); see shall will («.) volonte* Wille (wollen") voluntad" volo win*; see gain window" fenetre" Fenster* ventana* fenestra wish"; see desire, want with" avec" mit" con", conmigo", con-sigo", contigo" kun without" sans", (sans que*) ohne" sin" sen woman" femme" Frau", Weib* mujer" virino wonder* (I wonder whether) se" demander" wissen" mogen" desear" saber" scivoli word" parole", mot" Wort" palabra" vorlo work"; see also labor ceuvre*, ouvrage* Werk", wirken" obra" verko, verki world" monde" Welt" mundo" mondo worth* (to be worth) valoir", (etre") digne* gelten", wert" merecer", valer", digno" valori, indi would" (mix); see should write" ecrire" schreiben" escribir" skribi wrong* (adj.) faux* falsch* mal" malprava, malĝusla (to be) wrong, (to" make" a" avoir" tort* Unrecht (Recht") haben. no" tener" razon", en- malpravi, erari mistake") sich" irren* ganar*se" yard"; see court year" an", annee" Jahr" ano" jaro yes* oui" ja" si" jes yesterday* hier* gestern* ayer" hieraŭ yet"; see still you" vous" Sie", Ihr", Euch (Euer") usted" vi young" jeune" jung" joven", mozo* juna your" votre", vos" Ihr", etc., Euer", etc. vuestra", etc. via n o 2 rij > < W T! P W rO r! W z o m "SAY IT IN ESPERANTO" by G. Alan and Doris T, Connor Tells You What to Say and How to Say it! You'll be delighted by the ease with which you'll immediately be saying whole phrases in Esperanto. Practice ordering meals, renting rooms, driving a car, going to a doctor, going shopping, etc., by using this handy manual. 5 % x 3!6 in. for purse or pocket. Over 1000 phrases, many never before translated into Es- peranto, A complete index with unique numbering system so that you find the phrase you want instantly. A quality product with strong covers and sewn back. A guide to conversation, with summary of grammar. Useful in Esperanto courses. It is a thoughtful, useful gift for friends, too! Those who receive it will find much interest in learning to say useful phrases in Esperanto; and will want to go on to a mastery of the interlanguage. Order them in quantity! Price only 75