me North American Esperanto Review International Understanding COLONEL WALTER E. KRAUS Commandant, U. S. Army Language School • • • Esperanto and th^ Scientist RALPH A. LEWIN NORDAMERIKA ESPERANTO-REVUO Marto - Aprilo 958 i I ■ | :: 1 I n ■ I ! s I.......I! 1 Nl PETAS KE ONI ATENTTJ LA ADRESON DE LA REVUO La adreso citita en la Jarlibro de UEA, 1957, estas malnova adreso. La nuna adreso de la Revuo estas: North American Esperanto Review 2116 North 35th St., Seattle 3, Wash., Usono. La redaktoro estas: F. R. Carlson, sama adreso. The North American Esperanto Review Published bi-monthly by the Esperanto League for North America, Inc., as its official organ. Subscription free to members. Subscription for non-members: $1.75 per year. Other rates: Bulk orders of 15 or 30 copies of any issue may be order- ed, in advance, by members, for 60c and $1.00 respectively; gift subscriptions for schools, libra- ries, eminent persons, etc., and for Esperantists living in countries outside of North America, may be purchased by members for 30c per year. (The Review reserves the right to refuse gift subscrip- tions for persons who should pay the higher rate.) The Esperanto League for North America, Inc., is a non-profit organization to encourage the use of the International Language, Esperanto. Secretary: Conrad Fisher, RFD 1, Meadville, Pa. Treasurer: Edward W. Pharo, Jr., 220 County Line Rd., Somerton 16, Pennsylvania. Membership Dues: Regular Members, $3.; Sup- porting Member, $5.; Patron, $10; Life Member, $50; Man and wife, each having privileges of Regular Member, but receiving only one copy of publications, etc., $4.00. Make all checks and money orders payable to "Esperanto League for North America, Inc." The North American Esperanto Review (Nordamerika Esperanto-Revuo) Vol. 6, No. 2. Mar.-Apr., 1958 The Review not only permits, but in- vites, reprinting of material from its pages, except where special notice, such as notice of copyright, appears. La Revuo tie nur permesas, sed irwitas, represon, escepte hie aperas speciala noto limiga pri kopiado. CONTENTS (English) Page Youth Section.................... 4 Esperanto in North America ....... 5 Esperanto and the Scientist ........ 6 International Understanding ....... 8 Local Addresses.................. . 11 Official Decisions ................. 12 Complete Grammar and Pronunciation of Esperanto........Inside Back Cover ENHAVO (Esperanta) Paĝo "Paradizo sur Tero" Invitas Vin .... 1 Kongresa Programo............... 3 La Vjolo kaj Gia Graveco en la Strukturo de la Moderna Arĉkvarteto 10 Lokaj Adresoj.................... 11 Postenuloj de ELNA ............. 12 Trans la Lingvajn Barilojn ........ 13 Bonvolu Skribi.................... 14 Enigmoj....................... 16 NOTO: Korespondpetoj, kiuj aperas sub "Bonvolu Skribi," estas senpagaj. Por aliaj anoncoj aŭ reklamoj: ĝis sep linioj de unu kolono, $1; pli ol sep linioj ĝis ĵ^-paĝo, $5; J^-paĝo, $10; unu paĝo, $20. El landoj, el kiuj oni ne povas sendi monon, oni sendu la valoron per neuzitaj poŝtmarkoj, aŭ similaj valoraĵoj, al: Conrad Fisher, Route 1, Meadville, Pennsylvania, Usono. m. mrwm >■ :r ...... ,.7...„.s fcw , ■ I me NORTH AMERICAN ESPERANTO REVIEW Vol. 6 Mar.-Apr., 1958 No. 2 "Paradizo sur Tero" In vitas Vin AN DIEGO, urbo kiu havas duonmilionon da enloĝantoj, feliĉaj kaj kontentaj, kiuj devenas de ĉiu parto de Usono kaj preskaŭ ĉiu mondparto, bonvenigas vin kongresi ĉi tie. Kial? Car la haveno, ĉirkaŭita de la urbo, estas unu el la plej belaj en la mondo, uzata de ŝipoj el multaj landoj. La urbo mem situas ĉe la pacifika marbordo kaj sur la proksimaj montetoj, de "La Jolla" en la norda parto ĝis la meksika landlimo en la sudo — distanco de proksimume tri- dek kvin mejloj. Balboa Parko, kun amplekso de 1400 akreoj en la koro de la urbo, estas bela etenclaĵo de herbejoj, tropikaj arbustoj kaj brilkoloraj floroj. Inter ĝiaj limoj estas majestaj konstruaĵoj, konstruitaj por mondekspozicio antaŭ tridek jaroj. Estas la Kalifornia turo, kovrita de multkoloraj kaheloj;la altega ponto de Cabrillo; la plej granda subĉiela orgeno en la mondo; dek ok trueta golfejo; Morely kampo, por junulaj sportoj; kaj la San Diego-a best- ĝardeno. La bestĝardeno estas unu el la plej ampleksaj en la mondo. La diversaj bestoj bone akordiĝas kun nia milda kli- mato — escepte la "Emperor" pingvinoj, el la antarkta regiono, kiuj loĝas en mal- varmigita domo. Aliaj interesaĵoj en kaj ĉirkaŭ San Diego estas "Point Loma", kun sia malnova his- pana lumturo kaj la Cabrilla monumento ĉe la landfino; "Mission Bay", kie oni nun konstruas ŝtatan parkon kaj jaĥthavenon; "Lindbergh Field", eble la sola aviadilejo meze de urbo; Convair kaj tri aliaj gran- daj aviadilfabrikoj; la Misio de San Diego, unua el la fama Kalifornia misiaro; ' 'Pre- sidio" Parko kaj ĝia muzeo pri malnova Kalifornio. Nur 17 mejlojn sude estas Tijuana, en Meksikujo, kie la turistoj pasigas kelkajn agrablajn horojn, aĉetante la manfaritajn objektojn. Tie oni ankaŭ povas viziti la hispanan pilkludejon "Jai Alai" kaj la ĉevalkurejon por iomete vetludi. Sed la plej bona kaj elstara punkto de nia parto de la mondo estas la preskaŭ perfekta klimato, tutjare. La ora sunbrilo preskaŭ ĉiutaga dum la jaro donas veron al la nomo multuzata de San Dieganoj pri sia regiono: "Paradizo sur Tero". W. Williams kaj F. Helmuth Loka Kongresa Komitato: P. 0. Box 6215, San Diego 6, California, Usono. Banko: Bank of America, Ocean Beach Branch, 4976 Newport Ave., San Diego 7, Calif. MARCH - APRIL . 1958 THE NORTH AMERICAN ESPERANTO REVIEW 1 ..... l I ■: -,- 1 ■ I . * 1 ■ I I I J i The City of San Diego Invites You THE NORTH AMERICAN ESPERANTO REVIEW MARCH - APRIL . 1958 1 '*WM WM SEE ¥? -ŭ 1 ^ KONGRESA PROGRAMO Jaŭdo, 10 Julio 7:30 vespere: Interkonatiĝo kaj babilado ĉe "Club Room" en Hotelo San Diego. Vendredo, 11 Julio Matene: aferkunsido. 1:00 ptm: Ekskurso per aŭtobuso al: "Point Loma" por viziti la plej sudok- cidentan parton de Usono ĉe la malnova hispana lumturo; "Mission Bay", akva ludejo de Kahfornio; veturotrala fama Mission-valo kaj vizito al unu el la malnovaj misiejoj. 7:30 ptm. Oficiala akcepto ("Club Room). Charles Dail, urbestro de San Diego, salutos la kongreson nome de la urbo. Kaftrinkado dum la vespero. Sabato, 12 Julio Matene: Aferkunsido. 12:00 tm: Tagmanĝo en restoracio en la malnova kvartalo de San Diego. Poste, vizito al kelkaj historiaj konstruaĵoj en tiu kvartalo. Oficiala fotografado. 3:30 ptm: aferkunsido. 7:00 ptm: Kongresa bankedo. Poste, dis- traĵoj, prelegoj, eksterlanda filmo en Esperanto. Dimanĉo, 13 Julio Matene: Aferkunsido. 11: atm: Diservo (Club Room), gvidata de S-ano Pollock. 1:00 ptm: Oficiala fermo de la kongreso. ATENTU! Estas grave, ke la kongresa komitato ricevu la kotizojn kaj rezervojn porhotel- ĉambroj kiel eble plej frue. AVERTO! Ne sendu komunikaĵojn, rezervojn, ktp., en la sama koverto kun balotilo! La balotkovertojn oni ne malfermos antaŭ la kongreso. ADRESO; ELNA Congress Committee, P. O. Box 6215, San Diego 6, California. rssiv WARNING ! DON'T send Congress fees, hotel reser- vations or other communications to the Local Congress Committee in the same envelope with your ballot! Ballot enve- lopes will not be opened until the Congress. DONATIONS TO THE REVIEW F. J. DuBois.......... $10.00 Roland Barta.........'. 1.70 F.R.Carlson.......... 40.75 Those beautiful 3-color stamps printed for the 1957 ELNA Congress are still available, at 20 for $1. They are just as effective Esperanto publicity now as before the Congress. Order from: Ralph Bonesper, 461 West 44th St., New York 36, N. Y. Originale Verkita Novelo LA SEĜO DEKTRIA de George E. Wagner Aeetebla ĉe Esperanto League Book Ser- vice, aŭ ĉe: Geo. E. Wagner, 403 E. North St., Tampa 4, Florida Prezo 45 cendoj aŭ 7 steloj. El Franca Katolika Esperantisto : "Katolika Sento" is the new periodical in Braille for the blind. Subscription fee, only 150 French francs (approximately 36 cents.) Support the new magazine by sending a half dollar, at lead, to Mr. Gaston Veron,Place de la Petite Bruyere, Domfront (Orne), France. MARCH - APRIL 1958 THE NORTH AMERICAN ESPERANTO REVIEW Youth Section ^:i*y~. Membroj de la Massachusetts-Grupo, Usona Sekcio, de la Skolta Esperantista Ligo, en Brookline, Massachusetts, U.S.A. La skoltoj uzas Esperanton por kores- pondi kun fratskoltoj tra la mondo. Gvi- danto de lat Grupo estas S-ro Thomas Duncan, fakdelegito de UEA por Skoltis- mo, kaj membro de ELNA. Adreso: Thomas Duncan, 73 Winchester St., Brookline 46, Massachusetts, Usono. ^ f SCOUTS, PLEASE NOTE The photograph above is a picture of part of the Massachusetts Group of the U. S. Section, Esperantist Scouts' League. Why not get your Interpreter's Badge and get acquainted with Scouts in other countries by learning the international language, Esperanto, the easiest language in the world to learn? Write to: Thomas Duncan, 73 Winchester St., Brookline 46, Mass., U. S. A. DECISION OF THE PRESIDENT Charles Powell, Route 1, Box 41-A, Wimauma, Florida, is named as provision- al chairman of the Provisional Committee of TEJO (World Esperantist Youth Or- ganization) for ELNA. All members of UEA or of ELNA under 25 years of age are automatically members of TEJO, and should list their names and addresses with the Committee. OLDER MEMBERS: We are building for the future. Let's get the youngsters on the job. Send to Mr. Powell names and addresses of any young Esperantists you know, and urge them to become active in TEJO. La loka interlerneja rondo de "Grajnoj en Vento" petas kontribuaĵojn por sia interlerneja gazeto. La verkoj de infanoj estu mane skribitaj aŭ maŝine multobligi- taj en 20 ekzempleroj laŭ la internacia A-4 formato, 3 cm da spaco sen skribo ĉe la rando de la agrafado kaj 1 cm ĉe alia ran- do. Ne forgesu indiki sub ĉiu teksto la no- mon de la verkinto, urbon, landon. La verkoj temu pri reala hejma vivo, lernejoj, landaj kutimoj, ktp. Aldonu kolorigitajn desegnaĵojn, fotojn, bildojn, sekigitajn florojn, ktp. La centro sendos al vi trifoje en jaro la kajeron kun tekstoj el diversaj landoj. Pro grandaj sendelspezoj, bonvolu aldorii 3 respondkuponojn, helpe pri kostoj. Gvidanto de oka rondo de "Grajnoj en Vento": Peeter Ando, Tartu, Kastani 24,1, Estonio, USSR. Esperanto League for North America is building an effective movement in North America for We need your help ESPERANTO NOW! Join now THE NORTH AMERICAN ESPERANTO REVIEW MARCH - APRIL . 1958 ..... : I Esperanto in North America IN THE PRESS SUN (nudist magazine) for May-June, 1957, devoted 5 pages to Esperanto. The Pittsburgh Sun-Telegraph Pictorial Living section, March 2, carried a full-page article about Esperanto, ELNA and ELNA mem- ber Franz Jahger, with two interesting photographs of the Jahger family. The Dec, 1957, bulletin of the Duodecimal Society contained a long editorial on Es- peranto and a reprint of a two-language article. (A short article on the Duodecimal Society by Conrad Fisher, printed in a few publications recently, brought the Society ■ 280 requests for information on its work.) The Wisconsin State Journal and Capital Times, both of Madison, Wis., recently published letters by Mrs. Lee W. Gibson, about Esperanto and the League. The Tampa (Fla.) Morning Tribune, Feb. 19, printed a letter from George E. Wagner about the international Esperanto move- ment and the Delegate system. ' Are your local papers being kept up to date on the progress of Esperanto and the rapidly increasing need for it? The San Diego telephone directory lists "Delegito Esperanto" (reported in the San Diego Evening Tribune, Mch. 14). In Seattle, it's "Esperanto U. E. A". How many other cities have '' Esperanto" listed for the convenience of visitors? Santa Monica, Gal.— Esperantists at the Rand Corporation hold biweekly lun- cheon meetings in the company cafeteria. The local club now has an Esperanto Drama Group and publishes a fine month- ly bulletin. Los Angeles, Cal. — A one-hour Esper- anto conversation class before every club meeting is a very popular feature. San Diego, Cal.—New officers for 1958 are: President, Francis Helmuth; Vice President, Marion Sharp; Secretary, Walt Williams; Treasurer, Bonnie Helmuth; Recorder, Harry Brock. Mr. and Mrs. H. Ver Ploeg, of Spokane, Wash., visited the February meeting. At the February meet- ing, members heard a program of tape- recorded voices from Europe. Have you a little tape-recorder in your club? At the letervespero, Jan. 31, the club re- ceived more than 300 letters and post- cards from many countries. If you want a foreign correspondent (using Esperanto, of course) write to the San Diego club. Rivehdale, Cal. — Mrs. Martha Walker is teaching an Esperanto evening school class of about 25 students. She publicized the course by an article in the local paper, displays in two public libraries and letters to Lions, Rotary and 20 to 30 other clubs. South Pasadena,- Cal.— A new study group meets weekly (Wednesdays, 8 pm.) at 1801 Fair Oaks, Apt. E. If interested, call Sycamore 9 — 1553. Downers Grove, III.— Arthur Regal is teaching a small class of beginners in the home of one of the local Baha'i members. KANADA ESPERANTO-ASOCIO A survey of the past year's work in Canada, reported in La Kanada Lumo, indicates an enormous growth of interest throughout eastern Canada, but a decrease in the west. Newspaper and magazine articles, 82; leaflets distributed, over 600. About 3000 people learned about Esper- anto through displays of Esperanto mate- rial, 200 attended talks on Esperanto. COME TO SAN DIEGO! MARCH - APRIL 1958 THE NORTH AMERICAN ESPERANTO REVIEW Esperanto and the Scientist kNE of the problems of a RESEARCH scientist is that of communication. We must not only carry out our own work, but we have to know what our colleagues are doing all over the world. We keep in touch mainly by means of -articles in scientific journals, for without publication all scientific research loses much of its value. But the literature is not an unmixed blessing for us; it also is a source of headaches, arising largely from its sheer volume and its linguistic diversity. Let me expand this point briefly. In my own specialized field . . . the sex- uality and genetics of algae . . . there are very few workers, and perhaps only one article comes to my notice every month. (Within the last few weeks there has been one German, and one in what a Japanese colleague assumes to be English!) But I have to remain familiar with other re- search developments in kindred fields of biology and biochemistry, and this is where things get tough. Our library here subscribes to about 1,600 journals in bi- ology, medicine, chemistry, oceanography, etc. Some are published weekly, others only once or twice a year; and they pour in at an alarming rate, which increases yearly. This week, for- instance, we have received ninety issues, published in sixteen countries, with articles in ten languages! Now I don't attempt to read many of these articles, of course ... I couldn't if I wanted to!. .. but it is very useful at least to scan the titles and, in some cases, to read the summaries. When these are in English, as they often are, or French, I can read them readily enough. When they are in German, I can usually translate a few vital sentences; and I can even man- age the odd word or two in Russian art- icles. But when I see all those papers published in Japanese, I'm stymied. As a consequence, my research suffers. Next, the matter of international scien- tific congresses, where we meet our col- leagues in person, give talks on our own work, and exchange ideas and gossip. Here again, language problems arise. Official speeches may be in four languages, and the technical lectures may be in as many more. French national pride usually means that French delegates prefer to lecture in their mother-tongue; such nationalism is even more pronounced among Russians. Scan- dinavians and Dutchmen are usually good linguists, Germans less so, while Japanese- English often baffles me. (I once heard a Jugoslav talking in French, which I found quite incomprehensible.) Englishmen and Americans are notoriously poor linguists; for every American scientist who can man- age to understand a little Russian, there must be at least a hundred of his counter- parts in the U.S.S.R. who can understand some English. Even if one could afford the expense of simultaneous translations, such as those at the United Nations . . . thousands of pairs of earphones would be needed, to begin with . . . where would you find lin- guists capable of simultaneous interpre- tation of technical matter from, say, Jugo- slavian to French? We should bear in mind, too, that much of the benefit from international congresses derives from per- sonal contacts, those little private discus- sions that arise when half a dozen of us gather around a table for a cup of coffee. That is often where language barriers prove most troublesome. Now I have also attended international congresses at which such problems did not arise, although there were present thou- sands of members from thirty to forty 6 THE NORTH AMERICAN ESPERANTO REVIEW MARCH - APRIL . 1958 i I m i id m - =i i :',** ■ - mi a I i different nations. Few of the people who attend International Esperanto Con- gresses are scientists . . . many are wholly non-intellectual types . .. but at least they can talk freely with one another, unre- stricted to linguistic cliques. You have only to attend a congress of this sort to realize how much simpler everything could be ... at the United Nations, for instance. We need now to use an international language which offends no national prides or prejudices. It should be simple enough for all to learn, and free from those banes of language study . . . irregular verbs and declensions, and unpredictable spelling foibles . .. which waste so much time that could be better spent expanding vocabu- laries. And we should not have to fear putting our foot into it by the unwitting and often laughable misuse of an idiom. Esperanto has for more than fifty years fitted these requirements very nicely. However, scientists, like other human beings, are usually wrapped up in their own affairs, and often a trifle conservative when it comes to taking up something new like the international language. We have been slow in adopting Esperanto; nevertheless, a good start has been made. On my desk here, among the usual batch of reference books, including four Esperanto diction- aries of a general sort, I have " Scienca kaj Teknika Terminaro," published in Tokyo in 1956, and" English-Esperanto Chemical Dictionary," published in London in the same year. A reprint of an article entitled " Studoj pri la karbohidratoj de la semode Vicia faba. IV," from the Technical Bul- letin of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Japan (March, 1957), reached me a few weeks ago; and a 621-page volume entitled "Jubilea Verkaro dediĉita al d-ro S. Nishi (Folia Anat. Jap. Vol. 28, 1956)" arrived last week. Among this week's batch of library publications is one entitl- ed "Diatomoj el la ĉirkaŭfoso de la restaĵo de la kastelo de Odawara," occupying thirty pages of the Journal of the Yoko- hama Municipal University. Though articles in Esperanto are still rare, private correspondence using the in- ternational language is probably fairly extensive; my own in the last few months has been with scientists in the Argentine, Denmark, Holland, Japan and Jugoslavia. What seems to be needed at this time is a concerted effort to break down all obstacles which hamper understanding between in- dividuals and nations. We English-speak- ing scientists will have to go on learning French and German, and perhaps Spanish. We shall undoubtedly have to learn Rus- sian, at least enough to enable us to muddle through some of the important work now being published in that language, if we are to keep up with the eastern Joneses. But all this linguistic effort of necessity de- tracts from the time and energy that we can devote to our science. And when Chinese research publications start pouring into our libraries ... as they certainly will in the near future . . . what then? My feeling is, therefore, that we should now strive more seriously to simplify these linguistic problems, and not to compound them. If at least the summary of every scientific article could be published in Es- peranto, as well as in the language of the contributor, it would be a great step for- ward. If, at school and college," scientists the world over could imbibe enough of the international language to carry on a con- versation with any colleague about matters of common interest, things would be so much simpler at congresses. (And if more non-eggheads learned Esper- anto, too, travel could be much more fun!) Ralph A. Lewin Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods'Hole, Massachusetts, U.S.A. MARCH - APRIL . 1958 THE NORTH AMERICAN ESPERANTO REVIEW International Understanding by Colonel Walter E. Kraus Commandant, US Army Language School ^N his recent message to Congress on education, President Eisenhower devoted part of his address to the need of improving our teaching of foreign languages. Mr. Eisenhower said: "Knowledge of foreign languages is important today in the light of America's responsibilities in the free world . . . yet American people generally are deficient in foreign languages." The extent to which Americans have they are being sent. At the present time, ignored the study of foreign languages is a matter Of grave concern in these days of a shrinking world. Languages and their study recall the remark made by Mark Twain in referring to literary classics: "A classic is something everyone wants to have read, but no one wants to read." This unfortunately apt observation can certainly be applied in principle to lan- guages. Everyone wants to speak a foreign language, but very few ... as can be seen from educational statistics . . . appear to be interested in contributing the arduous study necessary to acquire practical mast- ery of a foreign tongue. Everybody wants more international understanding, yet not enough is being done to achieve improved relations between countries. The Army Language School is a reflec- tion of the United States Army's deter- mination to make better representatives of the thousands of military personnel it sends to foreign countries all over the globe. Today, more than forty percent of the Army is stationed in some seventy- three foreign countries, and the problem of bridging the linguistic gap with mihtary and civilian components of these countries is a huge task. The problem of fully under- standing one another is equally difficult. For this reason, the Army has under- taken to train key officers and men to speak the language of the country to which 8 THE NORTH AMERICAN ESPERANTO REVIEW the school offers instruction in twenty- eight different languages. Students attend classes six hours a day, five days a week. Courses are six months long for the "easier" languages, such as French, German and Spanish; and twelve months for tongues more difficult to master, like Russian, Chinese and Arabic. In the post World War II period, Amer- cans for the first time in history were con- fronted in their conduct of normal military affairs with much more foreign speech than they could handle. Officers and men as- signed to duties involving liaison with people of other lands could hardly expect these people to learn English without some effort on our part to master the language of the country to which we had assigned our personnel. Thus, the Army stepped up language training in 1947 and has gradu- ally developed its program at the Army Language School during the last decade. Despite the efforts of the Army Lan- guage School, which is the largest single institution in the world for teaching for- eign languages, America lags behind the Soviet Union in preparing its citizens to understand the entire vocabulary of inter- national communication. In a special lin- guistic program, the Russians are system- matically graduating foreign language specialists by the hundreds of thousands. In addition, ten million Soviet students MARCH - APRIL . 1958 --- ■ 1 ' I ..... . i 1 ! study English as an academic requirement while, in contrast, a mere four thousand students in one hundred and sixty-five of America's eighteen hundred colleges are engaged in learning the Russian language in elective study. In this country, only six high schools and seven private schools teach Russian. Compare this figure with Soviet achievements at the secondary level, where every student must have com- pleted five years of foreign language study before being certified for graduation. This indifference to the program of lan- guage teaching in American schools is the principal reason why the Army must work at such an accelerated pace to provide the qualified linguists needed to staff military units around the world. It has no civilian source of language-trained citizenry to draw from. Expert knowledge of a foreign language is an asset which the Army encourages among its officers and enlisted men. The knowledge of a language is not an end in itself, however. The commander or high staff officer who can speak, understand, and read the language of an ally or poten- tial enemy has a great advantage over the officer who must get his information second hand through an interpreter. A fluent knowledge of Spanish is an asset and almost a requirement for the officer or career enlisted man seeking assignment to any of the Spanish-Ameri- can nations, and it is the Spanish spoken in those nations that is being taught students at the Army Language School. In similar fashion, those studying. the Portuguese language are taught the lan- guage of Brazil if they are to be sent to that country. All instructors are native speakers of the language they teach, and know not only the language but the customs of the country where the language is spoken. The school's faculty places considerable emphasis on learnmg culture as well as language, for inestimable good will is created when Americans demonstrate a familiarity with the ways of others. The Army Language School has enjoyed a good deal of success in the past, thanks to an understanding on the part of stu- dents and instructors that the need for capable linguists is vital in this day and age. The "crash-program" methods em- ployed here have received much attention in the public press and have led in some cases to exaggerated statements concern- ing the speed and ease with which it is now possible to learn a foreign language. We have no magic method . . . only long hours of study and hard work. The principal lesson to be learned from the program at the Army Language School is simple: language training is necessary, as increasing good will among foreign allies has shown. Editor's Comment: Esperantists will all be interested in the work being done by our Army to overcome the language barriers in the way of international understanding. More power to you, Colonel Kraus! But the Esperantist's first thought is: "It's too bad that a man trained for work in Brazil would have to be retrained if his particular talents were needed in Japan or Germany." Wouldn't it be nice if the US Army Lan- guage School would teach the international language, as a basic course, to all its stu- dents? I wonder whether such a step, if properly publicized, would not stimulate learning and use of Esperanto in other lands so that language alone would suffice anywhere in the world, with the learning of national languages necessary for the higher echelons only. MARCH - APRIL 1958 THE NORTH AMERICAN ESPERANTO REVIEW 9 LA VJOLO KAJ GIA GRAVECO EN LA STRUKTURO DE LA MODERNA ARCKVARTETO m LA KLASIKA KORDKVARTETO ekzistas konsiderinda malpleno inter aldo (kontralto) kaj violoncelo (baritono), pro manko de tenorinstrumento. De antaŭ longe multaj violonkonstruistoj kaj artistoj klopodis krei instrumenton por plenigi tiun malplenon, sed ĉiam iliaj klopodoj malsukcesis kaj la problemo restis sen solvo. La violoncello piccolo de Bach, la viola pomposa de Hoffman, la violoneau de Vil- laume, la viollotta de Stelzner, la Octavgeige de Reider estas forlasitaj pro divers aj mal- bonaĵoj: difekta sonoreco, ĝena subten- ado, ktp. La vjolo — hispane violo — kreitaĵo de S-ro Baudelio Garcia, meksika violonkon- struisto, enhavas la necesajn karakterizojn por esti enmetata en la arĉkvarteton. Ĝi estas inter aldo kaj violoncelo, plenigante tiun interspacon; ĝi posedas karakterizan kaj belan sonkoloron; ĝi estas senĝene ludebla kaj facile lernebla. La vjolo estas agordata je E, A, D, G, oktave malsupre de violono. Oni skribas ĝin per la kvarlinia C-tonalo. Ĝia tekniko estas tiu sama kiel la violonĉela, sed ĝi prezentas malpli da malfacilaĵoj. Kelkfoje oni povas ludi la vjolon per la violona fingrouzado. Giaj ebloj teknikaj permesas atingi mirindegajn efektojn: arpeĝajn akordojn, trilojn kaj multegajn.diyersajn arĉludojn, harmonojn, duoblajn kaj tri- oblajn kordojn, ktp. La metodoj uzataj por la violonĉeller- nado ankaŭ povas esti utiligataj por la vjolo, tiel: Oni imagas la C kvarlinian tonalon kaj aldonas je la armaĵo dieson § aŭ forigas bemolon ^ . (Vidu ekz. 1 malsupre.) Gia arĉo estas iomete pli longa kaj mal- peza ol tiu de la violoncelo. La vjolo permesas la formadon de la moderna arĉkvarteto, konsistanta el vio- lono, aldo, vjolo kaj violoncelo, kiu reme- morigas la perfektan stnikturon de la voĉkvarteto: soprano (violono), kontralto (aldo), tenoro (vjolo) kaj baritono (violon- celo), ciuj egale gravaj kaj ĉiu posedanta diversajn sonkoloron kaj gamon. Vidu en ekz. 2, (surp. 11) la plenan kaj perfektan gamon de la moderna grupo. La sonoreco de tiu ĉi kordkvarteto estas vere fortika, plena, potenca, kaj ĝia son- koloreco estaz rimarkinde pli riĉa. La realigado de multdiversaj kombinoj estas ebla kaj oni povas uzi ankaŭ ĉiun instru- menton per _ĝia r^leXanxpleksa gamq. £h. / Violoncelo 2 4- Vjolo Korxio tsĈjil.- ili_____________ TVM,..n.l. 10 THE NORTH AMERICAN ESPERANTO REVIEW MARCH - APRIL . 1958 : m mEMmmŝ mm ^m Local Addresses Kanada Esperanto-Asocio: Box 52, Terminal A, Toronto, Kanado. Esperanto-Klubo de Los Angeles: 1237 N. Alexandria Ave., Los Angeles 29, Calif. Washington Esperanto Club: Apt. 101, 2829 Gainesville St., S.E., Wash. 20, D.C. Esperanto-Societo de San Diego: P.O. Box 6215, San Diego 6, California. Seattle Esperanto Society: 3231 West 62nd St., Seattle 7, Wash. Esperanto in Buffalo: P.O. Box 222, Niagara Sta., Buffalo 1, N.Y. Esperanto Coterie of Texas: P.O. Box 805, Houston 1, Texas. Esperanto Club of Santa Monica: 855 Franklin St., Santa Monica, Calif. Esperanto Society of Greater New York: 767 United Nations Plaza, New York 1, NY. Esperanto Society of San Francisco: 346 Staples Ave., San Francisco 12, Calif. Sacramento Esperanto Club, 5631 Balboa Circle, Sacramento, California. Esperanto Society of Long Beach: R. C. Betteridge, Pres., 5409 Graywood Ave., Lakewood, Cal. Skolta Esperantista Ligo, Massachusetts-Grupo, Thomas Duncan, Grupestro, 73 Winchester St., Brookline 46, Mass. Kontraŭbabela Ligo de Tampa, 403 East North St., Tampa 4, Florida. H. K Ver Ploeg. 1908 East 8th Avenue, Spokane 32, Wash. Jarvis E. Bush, 3700 North 75th St., Milwaukee 16, Wisconsin. Christie W. Roberts, Rose Valley, Saskatchewan, Kanado. F-ino Ethel Kelley, Birch-haven, RFD 1, Cambridge Springs, Penna. Mr. and Mrs. Wesley Stevens, 211 North Dithridge Ave., Pittsburgh 13, Penna. fCvana korJo V/o/ooĉe/o A 3 ^L_ Aldviolono Viokf7° _a^fe = tint/a korao Emmanuel Arias Luna MARCH - APRIL . 1958 THE NORTH AMERICAN ESPERANTO REVIEW 11 EXECUTIVE BOARD DECISIONS 58-6. Approved acceptance of San Diego invitation to hold our Congress there. Approved Congress Committee: Francis Helmuth, chairman; Walter Williams; Elwyn C. Pollock; Harry Brock; Bonnie Helmuth. 58-7. Set dates for San Diego Congress, July 10th through 13th. 58-8. Elected Adrian Hughes chairman of Executive Committee. 58-10. Instructed Secretary to furnish Membership and Organization Commit- tee with reliable lists of paid-up and delinquent members. 58-11. Approved that all membership clues be sent directly to the Secretary to ex- pedite handling of membership lists and expiration dates; with careful account- ing to Treasurer. 58-12. Approved naming of Wm. R. Har- mon chairman of Membership and Or- ganization Committee with Mrs. Helen Higbee, Mrs. Lee Gibson and Glenn Turner as coworkers. 58-13. Approved early mailing of member- ship list to all paid-up members, as or- dered by the New York Congress. 58-14. Approved that Congress fee be $10 to cover banquet, excursion, etc.; that San Diego Hotel be official Con- gress Hotel; that LKK invite official honored guests from Argentina; that LKK decide on other details of Congress arrangementsr 58-15, Approved Mr. John Lewine as chairman of Education Committee. Introduction to ESPERANTO THE UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE The Third Edition ... Revised ... Price $2.00 Sent on Five Days FREE Examination! BOX 792 • PLACERVILLE, CALIF. RULING BY THE PRESIDENT In the election of 1957, the official ballot prepared by the Nominating Committee named only candidates for the offices of President, Vice President and 6 members of the Executive Board. According to the Constitution, only these positions required elections in that year. By mistake, the po- sitions of General Secretary and Treasurer appeared on the ballots sent out. Accord- ind to Paragraphs 406 and 407 of the Con- stitution, the General Secretary and the Treasurer should be elected in 1959 and 1958 respectively, when their terms of of- fice expire. I therefore proclaim invalid that part of the election of 1957 which pertained to the positions of General Sec- retary and Treasurer. ADRESOJ de POSTENULOJ de ELNA Prezidanto: Armin F. Doneis, Sr. Box 105, Pharr, Texas. Vicprezidanto: Dirk Brink, P. O. Box 935, San Francisco 1, Calif. Sekretario: Conrad Fisher, RFD 1, Meadville, Pennsylvania. Kasisto: Edw. W. Pharo, Jr., 220 County Line Rd., Somerton 16, Pa. ESTRARANOJ David B. Richardson, 3412 North Mullen, Tacoma 7, Wash. Miss Roan U. Orloff, 31 Nahanton St., Newton Centre 59, Mass. Elwyn C. Pollock, 2222 Crest Drive, El Cajon, Calif. Thomas A. Goldman, 719 Chapala Dr., Pacific Palisades, Calif. Forrest J. Ackerman, 915 S. Sherbourne Drive, Los Angeles 35, Calif. Howard G. Borden, 1072 Stuyvesant Ave., Trenton 8, N. J. Adrian Hughes, 476 So. Bailey Ave., Hillsboro, Oregon. Francis E. Helmuth, 803 Gage Dr., San Diego 6, Calif. Jarvis E. Bush, 3700 North 75th St., Milwaukee 16, Wis. 12 THE NORTH AMERICAN ESPERANTO REVIEW MARCH - APRIL 1958 ' I ; ■ Trans la Lingvajn Barilojn Francis kaj Bonnie Helmuth, el San Diego, Post jaro kaj duono ili entreprenis nnujaran Palma de Majorko, Hispanio, la 30an de Decembro, 1956— Bonnie kaj mi alve- nis al ĉi tiu urbo matene, la* 7an de De- cembro, per ŝipo el Barcelona post nokta vojaĝo trans la belan Mezmaron. Ni trovis bonan ĉambron en unuaklasa pensiono re- komendita de S-ro Ayala en Barcelona. Estis nova, bona loko, kie ni povis manĝi kaj lui ĉambron por malpli ol $4 ĉiutage. Sammatene ni telefonis al S-ro Miquel Arbona, la UEA-delegito en Palma. Ni renkontiĝis ĉe malgranda butiko kiu apar- tenas al lia filo. S-ro Arbona estas afabla viro, kiu gvidis nin dum unu horo por mon- tri al ni vidindaĵojn de la urbo. Poste ni iris kune al la domo de alia Esperantisto, S-ro Mariano Jaquotot, kiu montris par- tojn de la urbo al ni kal helpis nin trovi la bankon kaj poŝtoficejon. S-ro Jaquotot invitis nin al sia bieno la venontan dimanĉon. Li posedas grandan domon kaj vinberejon proksimume dudek kilometrojn de Palma, en bela kamparo, kie oni povas spiri libere kaj ĝui tipajn kamparvidaĵojn. Lia bieno situas ekster la malnova vilaĝo Biniali, kaj en la domo estas trezoro de antikvaj mebloj, religiaj pentraĵoj kaj ajoj (malgrandaj statuoj kaj vazoj) el la tempo kiam la Romanoj loĝis en la Balearaj Insuloj. Li montris al ni sian kolekton de moneroj kaj poŝtmarkoj, kaj ankaŭ sian kolekton de esperantaj libroj. Ni restis ĉe lia bieno dum la tuta tago, gustumis diversajn botelojn de vino kaj ĝuis bongustan tagmanĝon. Unu tagon ni iris al la strando por ĝui la belan, varman aeron kaj la vidaĵon de la maro. Tie ni renkontis mezaĝajn geed- zojn, Ges-rojn Willard North, el nia urbo San Diego, kaj eltrovis ke ilia hejmo estas komencis lerni Esperanton en Aprilo, 1955. vojaĝon tra Eŭropo, kaj raportas al ni. malpli ol duonmejlon de la nia. Ni inter- parolis unue pri San Diego, kaj tiam pri Hispanio kaj la simileco inter la du lokoj. Kiam S-ro North diris ke li povas paroli hispane, mi diris ion pri Esperanto. (Mi ĉiam faras tion kiam mi havas la okazon.) Tuj li demandis, ĉu mi konas S-ron Sche- rer de Los Angeles, car ili estas amikoj dum dudek jaroj. Jen stranga okazaĵo, renkon- ti personojn el nia urbo, kiuj ankaŭ konas Esperantiston en Los Angeles. Kelkfoje S-ro Arbona invitis nin al sia domo por gustumi tipajn majorkajn trin- kaĵojn, torton kaj fruktojn.Li havas mal- novan gramofondiskon kaj dum unu vizito ni aŭskultis ĝin kaj aŭdis la voĉon de Za- menhof. La disko estis farita en la jaro 1930 dum kongreso en Barcelona, el mal- nova vaksa cilindro farita en la jaro 1909, ankaŭ ĉe kongreso en Barcelona. Entute ni renkontis kvin Esperantistoj n en Majorko, kaj ĉiu estis maljunulo kiu havis pli ol sesdek jarojn. Ne ekzistas kurso, grupo aŭ kunvenoj en ĉi tiu insulo. Pro la interna milito antaŭ dudek du jaroj ili timas fari ion ajn por la movado, car dum tiu tempo kelkaj Esperantistoj en Hispanio estis persekutataj pro sia inte- reso pri Esperanto. Dum la milito la regi- staro opiniis ke ĉiuj organizaĵoj aparte de la tiama politika partio estas malamikoj, kaj protio volis detrui tiujn organizaĵojn. Nuntempe ekzistas en Hispanio Esperan- tistoj kiuj ankoraŭ timas pri ĉi tiu afero, kaj ili partoprenas nenion pri Esperanto. Bedaŭrinde, en Majorko ne loĝas junaj Esperantistoj kiuj povus interesigi la mal- novajn. Sed multaj turistoj el ĉiuj landoj ĉiujare vizitas la oran insulon, kaj bezono por la Esperanto-movado certe estas tie. MARCH - APRIL 1958 THE NORTH AMERICAN ESPERANTO REVIEW 13 Bonvolu Skribi La Revuo presas senpage (sed foje mallongigas) korespondpetojn el aliaj landoj. Tiuj anoncoj aperas nur se, kaj kiam, konvenas al la redakcio (ĝis nunni senprokraste presisĉiujn, kiesadresojnnipovislegi),kaj ilitemunur pri korespondado en Esperanto. Por certigi nepran aperon, oni pagu $1 ĝiŝ 4 paĝvastaj linioj. Se resendadreso ne estas legebla, ĝi estas nek presebla, nek presinda, do ne presota. SKRIBTJ KLARE! MALLONGIGOJ: Dez., deziras; kor., korespondi; pk., poŝtkarto; bk., bildkarto; pm., poŝtmarko; gaz., gazeto; il., ilustrita; inters., interŝanĝi. S-ro Shiro Suzuki, 38 Sakae-cho, Kita-ku, Tokio, Japanujo. 22-jara laboristo. Buczek Wladyslaw, ulica J Krasichiego 6, Tarnow, Pollando. 22-jara. Kun ĉiuj landoj. Grabowski Josef, Pow. Ropczyce, woj. Rzeszow, Laczki Kuch., Pollando. 22-jara. Kun ĉiuj landoj. Intencas iam loĝi en N. A. Dez. gaz. kaj librojn pri N. A. Susumu Tezuka, 277 Ekoda 1-ĉome, Nakanoku, Tokio, Japanujo. 25-jara, oficisto en ŝtata impostejo. Pri diversaj temoj, inters, bk. Eugeno Nikitin, Kiŝinev, Puŝkina 15, Moldavia, Sovetunio. Universitata studento dez. kor. pri pentrado, fotografado, muziko kun nord- aŭ sudamerikanoj. S-ro Roger Desbordes, 17 av. des Dolmens, 17, Elisabethville par Aubergenville, (Seine et Oise) Francujo. 17-jara studento dez. kor. kun juna usonano. Ilija Christov, Sofia 4, Boul. VI. Zaimov 32, Bulgario. Filmoperatoro. Pri kine- matografio, filozofio, turismo, ktp.; inters, librojn, ricevi ĵurnalojn pri filmoj. Alfredo Rasconi, Via Pacinotti 4-7, Genova, Sampierda, Rena, Italio. Paralizita junulo, lernas Esp. kaj kolektas pm. por pasigi malrapiclajn tagojn de malsanulejo. Sendu 60 (aŭ pli) vialandajn pm. Li sendos samkvante italajn. Jan Krejsa, Praha 7 (Holeŝovice), Fr. Plaminkore 27, Ĉeĥoslovakio. 23-jara, dez. kor. pri literaturo, sciencoj naturaj, turismo, inters, librojn, vidaĵkartojn, ktp. NUR POR FRAMASONOJ: Carl Barthel, Frankfurt a. M., Wohlerstrasse 14, Germanio. lama korespondanto de Masonic History Co., Chicago, aranĝos grandan esp. fram. solenaĵon ĉeestotan de ffr. el la tuta mondo. Urge bezonas usonan esp-istan framasonan korespondanton. PRONUNCIATION A-ee-tou one of those who never-had -a chance to hear good Esperanto spoken by a "native"? Did you learn yours out of a book and not from the lips of a fluent speaker? Is your Esperanto experience limited to using it in correspondence and reading books and periodicals? If so, you owe it to yourself to order the new and in- expensive phonograph record made in Europe, selling for a dollar. It contains 14 THE NORTH AMERICAN ESPERANTO REVIEW exercises from the first six lessons of the correspondenceconrse-iisecLhy the.Fr£nch_ Esperantist Union, read by two fluent speakers. A mimeographed sheet gives you the printed text of the recording, so you can look at it as you listen. Listen a few times then read it along with the record until you sound about the same as the record. Then your speech will be standard, international, clear. Order from the Secre- tary in MeadviUe, Pennsylvania, today! MARCH - APRIL • 1958 i.....:: ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ i » ■ ■ ■ ■ i ■ wm ■.....■ PROMOTE ESPERANTO! A sample of ELNA's new publicity folder "The World Is Getting Smaller and Smaller" is being sent to every member with this issue of the Review. Have you friends interested in languages? Do you know someone traveling abroad this sum- mer? Is there a leader in your community promoting international correspondence or student exchanges? Send them one of these Esperanto folders! The new folder is designed to fit in a large (long or no. 10) envelope, and you can order any number at 2£ each. Only 2 dimes will bring you 10 folders with whieh you can reach several prospects to tell them about Esperanto. Order from: Esperanto, Hillsboro, Oregon. NOTICE! Please make the book work as simple and as easy as possible for the secretary and treasurer, by paying your dues on or before the date on your card, every Year! The best way is to send them to the secre- tary, so he can send your new card im- mediately, then notify the treasurer. Most members do not need to be reminded, but enough others cause us a great deal of work that could be devoted to answering letters we get from persons asking about Esper- anto, writing articles for periodicals, etc. This is our most important work! A million thanks to those of you who do save us the work of reminding you. Conrad Fisheh, Secretary Edward W. Pharo, Treasurer •••••••■A-********* ••••••••••**• Learn ESPERANTO by Correspondence ESPERANTO-by-MAIL 123 East 35 Street Brooklyn 3, N. Y. IMPORTANT NOTICE ! ! The New List of Members who paid in any month in 1957 is now in the mail. Per- haps you've already gotten yours. If not, your dues are payable immediately.! And how can you tell? Look at the date on your membership card "until . . . 1958"; you are paid up until that date! If you do not get a copy of the new membership list within a week after you read this, please let the secretary know immediately, so he can send it right away. Be sure to mention the date on your card! ELDONA SOCIETO ESPERANTO nun havas novan adreson: Mollevangsga- tan 20 b, Malmo, Svedujo; sed por poŝto: Box 7043, Malmo 7, Svedujo. La sveda Esperanto-gazeto "La Espero" aperas ĉe tiu adreso, ne plu ĉe la eldona societo de Sveda Esperanto-Federacio. Beak Sc (&a.,3ttt. Foreign Exchange International Travel 550 South Hill Street Los Angeles 13, California Dirk Brink, Branch Manager Ĉiujn viajn monŝanĝproblemojn ni solvos. Ĉiujn viajn vojaĝojn eksterlanden per aeroplano ni aranĝos. Vi povas ŝpari multe da mono se vi kontaktos nin antaŭ via foriro al eksterlando. Por ni ne ekzistas monŝanĝproblemoj. Pagoj el ciuj landoj kaj pagoj en ĉiujn landojn estas por ni ĉiutaga laboro. Vi povas ŝpari de 5% ĝis 80%. Skribu detalojn! MARCH - APRIL 1958 THE NORTH AMERICAN ESPERANTO REVIEW 15 ......:..... ■ .......... . . ffir f .: ;-:.■■; 3 ■:■ mam m i.....i........■ HORIZONTALE: 2. malmola haŭtloko 4. fadena envolvaĵo de pupo 5. instruebla alegorio en formo de rakonto 7. kantebla lirika poemo 9. sova- ĝa eŭropa bovo 12. aro de kelkaj presitaj kajeroj, kune binditaj 13. malgranda ve- nena serpento 14. persona nedifinita pro- nomo 16. mezurunuo de elektra rezisto 17. rivero en Afriko 20. tropika manĝebla frukto 21. baseno de rivero. VERTIKALE: 1. trinkaĵo 2.muskola organo, kiu devigas eirkuli sangon 3. rondforma elstara parto de iu organo 5. kontrakto pri asekuro 6. grimpanta vegetaĵo, kies floroj estas uzataj por aromigi la bieron 7. nutraĵo 8. metoen posedon de iu 10. alkohola trinkaĵo 11. hernia elemento 15. supera ĉambro de parlamento 18. longa parto de preĝejo 19^ sekrecio de 1' hepato. RIMARKO: Ĉe substantivoj la finiĝo o estas ellasita. escepte: horizontale 7,9,16: vertikale 7,11. La solvon bonvolu sendi al la redaktoro. La solvo kaj nomoj de solvintoj aperos en venonta numero. Unu el la solvintoj ricevos laŭ lotumo libropreinion: "Tra 1' silento", poemoj de Edmond Privat. Enigmo sendita de A. Holzhaus. 16 THE NORTH AMERICAN ESPERANTO REVIEW ENIGMO La Kaŝita Vorto 1.-------.------------------------------ 2.--------------------------------------- 3.-------------------------------------- 4.-------------------------------------- 5.-------------------------------------- 6.-------------------------------------- 8.-------------------------------------- 9.-------------------------------------- DIFINOJ: 1. Iu objekto; landa Esperanto-organiza- ĵo; kutimo. 2. Vira pronomo; animita; substantiva sufikso. 3. Elspezo por uzo; havas mankon. 4. Transitiva sufikso; kluberojn. 5. Adverba sufikso; igu ion okazi; enirejo de minejo. 6. Grupo, amaso; posesiva akuzativa pro- nomo; valora karto. 7. moralan ŝuldon; ĉiela brilaĵo. 8. Adjektiva sufikso; subtenu; speco de danco. 9. Plene inter personaj limoj; filo, filino. KLARIGO: Plenigu la liniojn per la difinitaj vortoj, sen interspacoj. Kaŝita en la enigmo vi trovos specialan komunika- ĵon al la membroj de ELNA — unu'vorto po linio. Se korekte solvita, la enigmo malkaŝos vertikalan vorton, kiu rilatas al la esperantista laboro. Sendita de Win. R. Harmon Solvo de februara enigmo: Tiuj, rajo, oazo. dato, alia, kara, unco, ideo, rano, ilia, suno, tegi, orda, jaro, diru, iloj, fali, elfo, kafo, tolo, alko, sana, leĝo, alpo, seka, unua, piro, orta, nuda. Tro da kuiristoj difektas la supon. Solvis la februaran enigmon: A. Holzhaus, Wm. R. Harmon. MARCH - APRIL . 1958 £ *;: f ; ;;: ■ | I 1 1 ;: Complete Grammar, Alphabet and Pronunciation of Esperanto THE ALPHABET a, b, c, ĉ, d, e, f, g, ĝ, h, ĥ, i, j, Ĵ, k, 1, m, n, o, p, r, s, ŝ, t, u, ŭ, v, z. The sounds of the vowels (a, e, i, o, u) are the vowel sounds in :"Are there three or two?" The consonant sounds are as in English, except: c as ts in hate, c as ch in church, g as in go, ĝ as gem, h as ch in loch, j as English y, j as z in azure, s as in so, s as English sh, ŭ as English w. THE GRAMMAR 1. There is no indefinite article; there is only a definite article (la) alike for all sexes, cases and numbers. 2. Substantives end in o. To form the plural, j is added. There are only two cases: nominative and accusative; the latter is obtained from the nominative by adding n. Other cases are expressed by prepositions (genitive cle, dative al, ablative per, etc.) 3. The adjective ends in a. Case and number as for substantives. The compar- ative is made by means of the word pli, the superlative by plej: with the compar- ative the conjunction ol is used. 4. The fundamental numerals (not de- clined) are: unu, du, tri, kvar, kvin, ses, sep, ok, naŭ, dek, cent, mil. Tens and hun- dreds are formed by simple junction of the numerals. To mark the ordinal numerals, a is added; for the multiple obi; for the fractional, on; for the collective, op; for the distributive,the preposition po. Substantive and adverbial numerals can also be used. 5. Personal pronouns: mi, vi, li, ŝi, ĝi, si, ni, vi, Hi, oni; possessives are formed by adding a. Declension as for substantives. 6. The verb undergoes no change with regard to person or number. Forms of the verb: time being (present) takes the termi- nation -as; time been (past) -is; time about-to-be (future) -os; conditional mood -us; imperative mood -u; infinitive -i. Participles (with adjectival or adverbial sense): active present-ani; active past-m<; active future -ont; passive present -at; passive past -it; passive future -ot. The passive is rendered by a corresponding form of the verb esti (to be) and a passive participle of the required verb; the prepo- sition with the passive is de. 7. Advert s end in e; comparison as for adjectives. 8. All prepi jsitions govern the nominative. 9. Every word is pronounced as it is spelled. 10. The accent is always on the next-to- last syllable. 11. Compound words are formed by simple junction of the words (the chief word stands at the end). Grammatical terminations are also regarded as inde- pendent wofds. 12. When another negative word is pre- sent, the word ne is left out. 13. In order to show direction toward, words take the termination of the accusative. 14. Each preposition has a definite and constant meaning; but if the direct sense does not indicate which it should be, we use the preposition je, which has no mean- ing of its own. Instead of je, we may use the accusative without a preposition. 15. The so-called foreign words (that is, those taken from one source) undergo no change in Esperanto, beyond conforming to its orthography; but with various words from one root,it is better to use unchanged only the fundamental word and to form the rest from this in accordance with the rules of the Esperanto language. 16. The final vowel of the substantive and of the article may sometimes be omit- ted and replaced by an apostrophe. I.....I Hp» ........ i ' ■ ■ I i i "/.. m i:........... : i ...... ,-iirn - .m - i worth repeating,,. The World Needs ESPERANTO NOW "I think when the ordinary people of one country get to know the ordi- nary people of another, they don't seem quite so sinister." A/ex Langsdorf, Atomic Physicist The great worldwide organization to promote Esperanto for people of all nations, all religions, all political beliefs IS Universala Esperanto-Asocio Representative in U. S. A.: D. E. Parrish, 328 West 46th St., Los Angeles 37, Calif. In Canada: W. D. B. Hackett, 362 Soudan Ave., Toronto, Ont. MEMBERSHIP, YEARLY DUES: With Yearbook only, $1.90; with Yearbook and magazine, $3.75; Sustaining Member, $5.75. Life Member, $75.00. The ONLY North American organization affiliated with UEA is Esperanto League for North America Every member of the League is a member of UEA JOIN NOW. Regular Member, $3; Man and wife (each with Regular Member privileges, but receive only one copy of publications), $4; Supporting Member, $5; Patron, $10; Life Member, $50. Make checks payable to: Esperanto League for North America, Inc. Secretary: Conrad Fisher, RFD 1, Meadville, Pennsylvania. READ : Heroldo de Esperanto, $4.00 per year; La Praktiko, $2.00. ;,. ;, j^jj j .;.. - . :;. ,... , ., ,; .; ;. ; jj . J | ,; ,