INTERLANGUAGE AMERICAN ESPERANTIST Inferiority Complex in Language Prof. Jose Martel Tongues of the Western Hemisphere Quiz for Linguists The Non-European Languages and The Interlanguage La Jarcento de la Ordinara Homo Henry A. Wallace j Oficiala Organo de la ESPERANTO ASOCIO de NORD-AMERIKO NOV—DEC, 1945 Twenty-five Cents Address communications to; AMERICAN ESPERANTIST Vol. 60 G. ALAN CONNOR, Editor Nos. 11-12 114 West 16th Street New York 11, N. Y. Associate Editors: Dr. W. Solzbacher, Joseph Leahy, Doris Tappan Connor, Pauline Knight, Viktoro Murajo. China: The Very Rev. Dr. John B. Kao. Eire: Lorcan O hUiginn, P.C.T. CONTENTS — ENHAVO Inferiority Complex in Language.......Jose Mattel, Ph.D. 121 Non-European Languages and Esperanto . . . W. Solzbacher, Ph.D. 124 Languages of the Western Hemisphere.........W. S. 127 Radio Station WABF Broadcasts Esperanto.......... 127 Esperanto in Action.................. 128 Around the World................. 129 "The AE Must Go Through!"........Viktoro Murajo 130 "The Century of the Common Man"........The Editor 132 Zamenhof and the "AE"............The Editor 132 President's Letter............Dr. Cecil Stockard 133 Our Vice-President.................. 133 Pri Graveco de Amerika Esperanto-Gazeto . . D-ro L. L. Xamenhof 133 Al la Majstro — Poem........."Paco kaj Justeco" \ol La Organizo de la Esperanto-Movado......W. Solzbacher 13! Plenkreskaj Civitanoj de la Mondo .... Raymond Gram Swing 131 La Jarcento de la Ordinara Homo......Henry A. Wallace 131 La Sekreto de la Artisto — Facila Legado.....Pauline Knight 14( Friendly Tips for Students............D. T. C. 14( Esperanto-Kroniko................... 14 Enspezoj kaj Elspezoj de EANA ............ 14! Deziras Korespondi.................. 14 American Esperantist published bi-monthly for the Esperanto Associ- ation of North America, by the Esperanto Inter language Institute. Jarabono el iu lando, $1.50. Membreco, $2. El landoj kie estas neeble sendi monon, AE akceptos bonajn Espo-librojn, kaj etendas la abonon laŭvalote. Make Checks Payable to Order of the Editor — G. Alan Connor. Library & Gift Subs, $1.00. Regular Sub, $1.60 With Membership in E.A.N.A. — $2.00 per Year AMERICAN ESPERANTIST Vol. 60 NOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1945 Nos. 11-12 INFERIORITY COMPLEX IN LANGUAGE Jose Martel, Ph.D. The following address was delivered by Professor Martel before the Esperanto Interlanguage Association at the Hotel New Yorker. He shows the necessity for a neutral auxiliary for general world interchange. Pro- fessor Martel teaches at the City College of New York. He is President of the city-wide, all-inclusive Language Teachers Association. The human individual, wher- ever found, possesses a remarkable uniformity of function, appetites and reactions, with only one es- sential difference between social groups. This all-important differ- ence consists in their peculiar manner of expression. Speech, which sets man apart from the rest of creation, and is his great- est social asset, serves paradoxi- cally to separate him from most of his fellow humans. What amounts to a binding tie inside the family, the tribe and the na- tion, acts as a barrier between those groups and others similarly constituted a short distance away. The reason is not hard to find. Language conditions man's atti- tude towards life, and is at one and the same time a physical and a psychological organ around which he construas his own per- sonality, and to which he imparts the emotional content of his own soul. Thus, of all the complicated functions of which man is capa- ble, we find language as an organ in which body and soul are more united and manifest than in any other aspea of his nature. The exaa proportion of body and soul to be found in a man's language is hard to say, but for the sake of expediency we may put it down at half and half. One might argue the point in the man- ner of that enterprising sausage- maker who told the authorities his sausage was of rabbit. Upon further questioning it was brought out that he used some horse meat with the rabbit. Asked about the proportions, he replied: "Half and half." He finally explained his statement by saying he used the meats in proportions of one horse to one rabbit! However, the fact that man, of all creatures, is the only one en- dowed with speech and the abil- ity to reason, throws some light on the tremendous role that lan- guage plays in all human prog- ress. Whether man talks because he is capable of reasoning, or whether he reasons as a con- sequence of his ability to speak, is a question not entirely settled as yet, although their conneaion as cause and effea is too evident to overlook. Modern science con- siders thinking in general and rea- 121 122 AMERICAN ESPERANTIST soning in particular as closely re- lated to words. The necessity of words to think in and with, must be, therefore, the motive power in the genera- tion of language. At the same time, the possession of a stock of words must have contributed to the formation of concepts and the elaboration of ideas. There is no doubt that without language, thought could have advanced but little, if at all, beyond what is manifested by our own dumb cous- ins the brutes. Observation seems to favor the opinion that man placed in solitude, if he could ex- ist in solitude, would be as mute as the lower animals, because his faculties of thought and speech would be gradually and simul- taneously arrested. A speechless race would transmit to posterity nothing but instincts. How did man come upon this gift called language? Was it by accident or by design? In oppo- sition to the philosophers who at- tributed the origin of language to human invention, some theo- logians claimed a divine origin for it, representing the Deity as having created the names of things and directly taught them to Adam. Both of these theories may now be considered as given up by all who are entitled to speak on the subject. Everything, in fact, tends to show that language is a spontaneous product of human nature — a necessary result of man's physical and mental con- stitution (including his social in- stincts). Language is as natural to him as to walk, eat, or sleep; and as independent of his will, once acquired, as his stature or the color of his hair. By the invention of a system of articulated sounds evolving from the simplest sort of excla- mation, man gave himself a new physiological organ as closely re- lated to his biological self as the processes of breathing, digestion and circulation. In contrast with these purely physiological func- tions of his organism, which re- main more or less constant under varying conditions of climate and latitude, his faculty of speech is subject to constant growth and change in an ever-widening evo- lution, always within the scopx- of certain basic principles. Fur- thermore, this physical activity because of its intimate relation ship with the mind, became pan and parcel of the emotional lift of the group and eventually served not only to express bu to create mental patterns and at titudes. That is why language as an or gan carries with it a number o conscious and subconscious asso ciations; influences of climate ant geography; reminiscences of child hood and historical references the imprint of favorite occupa tions, so that a seafaring peopl builds its lexicon around a set o nautical terms; bits of folk-lore idioms and proverbs based on th INFERIORITY COMPLEX IN LANGUAGE 123 experience of the group by whom and for whom the language achieved its form. What we call, then, an organic language is one in which a given group can best express love and hate; the one in which they feel most at home; the one we use as a reflex when we are in distress. No matter how many languages we may acquire intellectually, we seldom feel emo- tionally at ease in any other than our own. To be sure, there are cases of perfect bilingualism, as there are cases of double person- ality, but they constitute the ex- ception rather than the rule. The usual thing is that when a man is forced to express him- self in another man's tongue, which he has not made as yet his own, he feels at a disadvantage, as if he were using an organ not entirely belonging to him. It is something like using an artificial leg. This feeling of being placed at a disadvantage when communi- cating with you through an instru- ment which one possesses both physically and psychologically, while the other person's com- mand of it is only intellectual at best, is what may be called the inferiority complex in language. It is the strongest argument against the use of an organic lan- guage, which is the soul of a giv- en people, as an instrument of international communication. This is not to say that we must not penetrate into the sacred pre- cinct of another man's tongue. On the contrary, whenever we wish to understand the motives which underlie the conduct of a social group, we must become acquaint- ed with its means of expression within which its mental patterns are formed. For members of different groups to communicate freely and without mutual embarrassment, it might be better to use some lan- guage which is not organic to ei- ther of the speakers. That, of course, is the reason for the de- velopment of a neutral interlan- guage as an easy second tongue for both. This brings us to the essential point that we wish to make. The world is at this moment trying to transform itself, and to change the pattern of international rela- tionships, so that with better understanding and cooperation amongst nations war might be abolished and civilization pre- served. One of the obstacles to international peace is misunder- standing, and one of the barriers to cooperation is pride. In this problem of seleaing a language for the instrument of communi- cation between all nations and all peoples, we cannot logically or psychologically select an or- ganic language with its natural implications of linguistic imperi- alism. Read "The Language Problem, Its History and Solution," by E.D. Durrant, $1.50 THE NON-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES AND ESPERANTO W. SOLZBACHER, PH.D. The question is sometimes asked whether Esperanto is not too "Western" in its structure and vocabulary and whether it will not be opposed for this rea- son by the non-European peoples, for instance those of the Far East, who claim equality of rights with those who have been raised in the Greek-Latin-Christian-Europe- an-American tradition. There can be no denying of the fact that Esperanto is based on the ele- ments of the European tongues, with some preference for the Ro- mance languages. The way in which Esperanto simplifies and co-ordinates the elements of lan- guage makes the Interlanguage, however, not only easy to learn but also, in certain ways, espe- cially attractive and congenial for non-Europeans. In the authoritative volume on Belgium and the Belgian Congo which the University of Califor- nia has recently published in its "United Nations Series" (Robert J. Kerner, General Editor; Jan- Albert Goris, Editor of this vol- ume), Dr. Melville J. Hersko- vits, Professor of Anthropology at Northwestern University, dis- cusses the Bantu languages in the Congo: "Bantu has been well studied . . . Best known is its classificatory system, which is based on the use of prefixes that indicate the class to which a word belongs. The word bantu itself illustrates the principle: -ntu means "a living thing," mu- ntu, "a man," ba-ntu, "people," and the like. This principle gives rise to the phenomenon of the concordance, by means of which the relationship of the words in a sentence is shown. An early grammar of the Bantu languages in the Congo gives the following example: Ma-kemba ma-na ma- tanu ma-lau rna-kwe (Plantair those five fine fell), "Those five fine plantains fell down." Various numbers of prefixes have been re- corded for various Bantu tongues, but it is safe to put the number for any given dialect at between fifteen and twenty. Their utility is increased, and their use made easier, by the fact that the nor- mal Bantu word-stem is of twc syllables, to which prefixes, suf- fixes, and, on occasion, infixe: can be added to give subject pro noun, tense, and object-pronoun How much flexibility the use ol suffixes gives can be seen frorr the following forms, which an derived from the verb kang-a "to tie": kangema, "to be tied" kangela, "to tie for, by" etc. kangana, "to tie each other" kangia, "to cause to tie"; kangola "to untie"; kangomela, "to t> tied for"; kangenela, "to tie eacl 124 NON-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES AND ESPERANTO 125 other with"; kangolela, "to un- tie for" or "with," etc." (p. 357) Esperanto's "flexibility" is ob- tained by a strikingly similar sys- tem of prefixes and suffixes. The Esperanto word for "to tie," ligi (stem lig-) forms the following derived words: ligo, "league"; ligano, "member of a league," malligi, "to untie"; ligigi, "to cause to tie"; ligiĝi, "to be tied"; interligiĝi, "to tie each other"; ligilo, "an instrument of tying," "a link"; ligeti, "to tie a little"; ligegi, "to tie strongly"; kun- ligi, "to tie togethet," etc. Professor Herskovits points out that the Bantu peoples have even developed what might be called regional Interlanguages of their own: "The basic unity of the Bantu tongues has petmitted the rise of 'trade languages' — com- mon auxiliary modes of speech used over large areas. The best known of these, Swahili, is spok- en in all the Eastern part of the Belgian Congo; in the West are Chikongo and Chituba." (p. 356) How badly needed these Interlanguages are can be seen from a statement made in the same book by the Reverend George W. Carpenter, Ph.D, D.D., Educational Secretary of the Congo Protestant Council: "The existence of several hun- dred languages in the colony pre- sents a major problem. Primary teaching can be effective only when the child understands the language used; but this means that textbooks must be produced in scores of languages." (p. 410) One may conclude from all this that neither the idea of an Interlanguage nor the structute of Esperanto would be entitely alien to the experience of the African Bantus. Chinese experts have often told us that the agglutinating character of Esperanto and the possibility of forming "com- pound words" similar to those used in their own language make Esperanto very attractive for the Chinese. They learn Esperanto in only part of the time they would need for studying one of Europe's national tongues. When Esperanto's qualifica- tions as a truly international, not simply an "inter-occidental," lan- guage are discussed, it is also fair to emphasize that an increas- ing proportion of the vocabulary of all languages consists of words introduced from modern technol- ogy. These words, based mostly on Greek and Latin, are assimi- lated, in their original or a slight- ly modified form, by nearly all languages, European and non- European. Telephone, photograph, aspirin, hormone, radio, kilome- ter, atom bomb, etc., ate under- stood almost everywhere. As mod- ern technology and civilization are largely, though not exclu- sively, products of the western world, it is appropriate that the Intetlanguage should be based largely, though not exclusively, 126 AMERICAN ESPERANTIST on the Western languages. The more contriburions the non-Eu- ropean cultures make to universal rhinking and worldwide rechnol- ogy and organization, the more words from rheir languages are likely to penetrate into interna- tional usage and thus into the Esperanto Words From ARABIC: sukero (sugar), oranĝo (orange), siropo (syrup), korono (corton), alkoholo (al- cohol), kemio (chemistry), al- kemio (alchemy), algebro (al- gebra ), almanako (almanac), tarifo (tariff), rrafiko (rraffic), admiralo (admiral), sultano (sul- ran), kalifo (caliph), magazeno (warehouse), zenito (zenith), nadiro (nadir), kalio (potassi- um), alkalo (alkali), cifero (ci- pher, figure), gazelo (gazelle), ĝirafo (giraffe), sumako (su- mac), haremo (harem), siroko (sirocco), safiro (sapphire); HEBREW: kamelo (camel), elefanto (elephant), cinamo (cin- namon) , kabalo (cabala), ŝiboleto (shibboleth), rabeno (rabbi), serafo (seraph), sabato (Satur- day), satano (Satan), Pasko (Easter), Amen (Amen); SYRIAC: mamono (mammon) TURKISH: kafo (coffee); PERSIAN: ĉeko (check), ŝako (chess), tulipo (rulip), turbano (turban), limonado (lemonade), pavo (peacock), tigro (tiger), ŝakalo (jackal), lako (lac), pa- godo (pagoda), satrapo (satrap), jargono (jargon); world inrerlanguage Esperanto. The number of "inrernational" words from non-European lan- guages in the Esperanto vocabu- lary is already infinitely greater than most Esperantists know. The following list, which is far from complete, illustrates this: Non-European Languages EAST INDIAN: pipro (pep- per), kanalo (canal), junglo (jungle), pajamo (pajamas), khako (khaki), pario (pariah), bakŝiŝo (backshish), mandareno (mandarin), topazo (topaz); MALAY: bambuo (bamboo), saguo (sago), mango (mango), kakatuo (cockatoo) , jonko (junk), sarongo (sarong); CHINESE: teo (tea), tifono (typhoon), kaolino (china clay); JAPANESE: kimono (kimo- no), riklo (rickshah), harakiro (harakiri); AUSTRALIAN: kanguruo (kangaroo), bumerango (boom- erang) ; POLYNESIAN: rabuo (taboo) AFRICAN: banano (banana), ĉimpanzo (chimpanzee), kolao (cola-nut), zebro (zebra); AMERICAN INDIAN: to- mato (tomaro), maizo (maize, corn), kakao (cocoa), ĉokoladc (chocolate), tabako (tobacco) ananaso (pineapple), papajo (pa- paya), kaŭĉuko (rubber), kanorc (canoe), hamako (hammock) uragano (hurricane), toboganc (toboggan), kojoto (coyote) sisalo (sisal), tapioko (tapioca) LANGUAGES OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE A QUIZ FOR LINGUISTS AND OTHERS (Answers on Page 144) 1. In which country of the Western Hemisphere will Hindustani be hence- forth one of the official languages? 2. In which country of the Western Hemisphere has Esperanto been adopted as the official international auxiliary language of the Government Institute of Geography and Statistics? 3. Identify the following language and state in which country of the West- ern Hemisphere it is spoken: "E anja aki America mester tin bauxiet, ma menos koe mitar di anja pasa. P' esai hopi hende lo bin keda sin tra- bao i gobierno lo haya menos belasting." 4. Name five countries in the Western Hemisphere in which periodicals in and about Esperanto are being published at present? 5. Are there more English-speaking or more Spanish-speaking people in the Western Hemisphere? Score yourself: 5: excellent; 4:good; 3:fair; less than 3: not so good. RADIO STATION WABF BROADCASTS ESPERANTO On August 24th, 1945, a "famous first" in radio broadcasting was in- augurated by Radio Station WABF- FM, The Information Station, New York City. For the first time over the ultra-modern medium of Fre- quency Modulation, a series of Esper- anto broadcasts were conducted- And, for the first time over any radio the Cseh-Method, in modified form, was successfully employed in Esperanto radio instruction. Ten half-hour pro- grams were prepared and produced by Doris and Alan Connor, under the title "The World Language Prob- lem and Its Solution in Esperanto." The series extended from August 24 to October 26, Fridays 7:10-7:40, with 15 minutes of discussion on the world language problem, and 15 min- utes of Cseh-Method Esperanto in- struction. A small studio group par- ticipated; and printed multilith Es- peranto lesson-sheets were sent regu- larly to all who requested them, as well as to all on the mailing lists comprising the bulletin subscribers. WABF, under the program man- agement of Anita de Mars, is the quality-station in FM for New York City. Its printed announcement for the Esperanto series stated: "A com- mon language will do a great deal toward spreading goodwill in the world, and eliminating racial and re- ligious prejudice through understand- ing of the other fellow's thoughts and expressions. Upon that premise, WABF begins a course in Esper- anto." The ten broadcasts in this first series dealt with the world language problem as follows: (1) Esperanto explained; (2) China and Orient; (3) European travels; (4) Inter- change in Atomic Age; (5) Inter- national Conferences, Dr. W. Solz- bacher interviewed; (6) Esperanto Literature; (7) In Brazil; (8) His- tory of Interlanguage; (9) World Commerce; (10) The Living Fact of Esperanto. 127 ESPERANTO IN ACTION Undernourished Dutch children who know Esperanto have been in- vited for a rhree months' vacation with good food and care in the fami- lies of Danish and Swiss Esperan- tists. At the Dutch end, this plan, from which several hundred chil- dren are expected to benefit, is or- ganized by Mrs. E. Van Veenendaal- Bouwes, Editor of the children's Es- peranto magazine, "La Juna Vivo" (The Young Life), at Limmen. The Central Danish Esperanto League and Swiss Esperanto Society cooperate. The Sears Roebuck Catalogue, that famous American institution, men- tions Esperanto as the "suggested world language" on page 363 of its Fall-Winter edition 1945/46, in its writeup for the "10-in-l Dictionary of Basic Language," which contains a complete Esperanto part. At the World Jamboree of the Boy Scouts, to be held in France in Au- gust 1947, Esperanto will be one of the languages used for all announce- ments and programs, according to "Esperanto Internacia." A special meeting of Esperantist Scouts is scheduled for the second day. Scouts planning to attend will get more out of the Jamboree if they learn Esper- anto now. Valdemar Langlet, who was one of the organizers of the Swedish re- lief work in Budapest, Hungary, be- fore the Nazi surrender, and saved Thousands of human lives, in par- ticular Jews, is a pioneer of the Esperanto movement. He was the first world traveler to use Esperanto, was one of the founders of the Up- sala Esperanto Club (the second in the world) and of the magazine, "Lingvo Internacia," in 1895, and President of the Swedish Esperanto Federation until 1909. Esperanto instead of Basic English is now being taught at the New School of Commerce (Neue Handels- schule) of Bern, Switzerland. This school, whose principal is Dr. Leo Schermann, introduced the teaching of Basic English last winter. Experi- ences were so unsatisfactory that the "Basic" classes were dropped from the curriculum, to be replaced by Esperanto classes. In the American occupation zone of Germany, Esperanto clubs have come back to life in Stuttgart and Karlsruhe, according to the Swiss Es- peranto journal, "Svisa Espero." A beautifully produced book on China, by the Corresponding Editor of the "American Esperantist," Very Rev. Dr. J. B. Kao, O.F.M-, just pub- lished at Buenos Aires, Argentina, contains a chapter on Esperanto. This chapter is the text of a lecture given by Father Kao on June 16, 1945, at the Circulo de la Prensa (Press Circle) of Buenos Aires. It contains not only a forceful presentation of the Interlanguage problem but also an impressive summary of the au- thor's practical experiences with Es- peranto. He has lectured in Esper- anto in places as different as New York, Budapest, Rio de Janeiro, Am- sterdam, Montevideo, Paris, London, Prague, San Paulo, Vienna, and Bue- nos Aires. The book, entitled "China de Hoy y de Mariana" (China To- day and Tomorrow), contains an in- troduction by the Very Reverend Canon Carlos R. Copello, Secretary to Cardinal Copello, Archbishop of Buenos Aires. He emphasizes that the book, "with interesting appen- dices on the Project of a new Chi- nese Constitution and on the universal auxiliary language Esperanto, will un- doubtedly open new horizons for our mutual relations." 128 AROUND THE WORLD "300 Years' Quest for a Univer- sal Language" was the topic of a radio talk delivered by Mrs. Hanks over a chain of Australian radio sta- tions on August 29, showing Esper- anto as the final solution of the prob- lem. The topic was dealt with in a similar way by G. Alan Connor and Doris Tappan Connor on October 12, in one of their weekly broadcasts over the FM Station WABF. In Finnland a new national Esper- anto Society, "Konkordo," was found- ed on May 16. It publishes a journal, "Esperanto-Airut," and hopes to get an Esperanto program on the radio soon. The Finnish Society of Blind Esperantists recently celebrated the 25th anniversary of its existence. The Finnish Grand Lodge of the In- ternational Order of Good Templars has published literature in Esperanto, and employs a roving lecturer who includes a discussion of the language problem and a boost for Esperanto in all his talks. The accent is on youth in the Es- peranto movement of various coun- tries. The August issue of the Swed- ish Esperanto journal contains, for instance, a number of beautiful pho- tos showing the role which a group of Esperantist children played at a Children's Carnival at Karlskoga, as well as an impressive report about the activities of the Children's Es- peranto Club, "Fajrero," in Udevalla- At Desvres, France, a school teacher, A. Dumarquez, is now teaching an Esperanto class of 34 boys in his school as well as a class of 50 boys and girls, 15 to 18 years old, in the evening. In England, the British sec- tion of the Esperanto World Youth Organization has increased its mem- bership during the war from 250 to 868 and publishes a little journal of its own, "TJO-Bulteno." More than a hundred high school principals in Great Britain have al- ready given their support to a plan for the introduction of Esperanto in the schools. This was announced at the National Conference of the Brit- ish Society of Esperanto Teachers. As a "Liberty Gift for Norway." money was collected at the Annual Conference of the Swedish Esperanto Federation, at Stockholm, and sent to the Norwegian Esperanto League for its reconstruction, after the long Nazi occupation. The Norwegian Es- peranto journal, "Esperanto-Bladet," resumed publication in September. Count Folke Bernadotte's bestseller, "The Curtain Falls" (in the Swedish original "Slutet"), has appeared in an Esperanto translation. It describes the efforts of the Swedish Red Cross to save human lives from Nazi per- secution, immediately before the breakdown of the Hitler regime, as well as Count Bernadotte's unsuc- cessful negotiations with Gestapo Chief Heinrich Himmler about an unconditional surrender. The City Administration of Ant- werp, Belgium, has decided to resume the official Esperanto evening classes held under its auspices, as before the war. The Esperantist postmen are again wearing the Green Star of Es- peranto on the left-hand sleeves of their uniforms. This practice had been discontinued under the Nazis. In the liberated lands of Europe, Esperanto programs are back again on the radio. There are regular Es- peranto broadcasts every Sunday from Lille, France, every Wednes- day from Sofia, Bulgaria, every Fri- day from Koortrijk, Belgium. The Antwerp radio station also broadcasts in Esperanto. 129 «< THE A.E. MUST GO THROUGH!" VlKTORO MURAJO An Assistant Editor of A.E. carries on through summer heat and New York traffic to serve the members of EANA. I have to admit that when the Editor of A.E., and Associate Editor D.T.C, suggested that I, a recent en ovo Esperantist, should take care of the small work of sending out an issue of A.E., I took it as a great compliment. When, in addition, the Editor, to my surprise, handed over the keys of his office to me, I was so taken aback that I could only clas- sify this action as an example of Faith — that sort of Faith which moves mountains (I found out later that faith was not of much practical use in moving the A.E. — mule- power would have been more handy!) All that had to be done was to get the gazetojn, stick them in the kovertojn and drop them in the mail. Estis en la sako/ The Associate Edit- or made it very clear. She smiled and said something about aiding Es- peranto. And, of course, being a gen- tleman (I hope), I agreed. I have not the slightest doubt that if the Associate Editor smiled and suggest- ed that it would be a grand idea for me to go up a telephone pole for the cause of Esperanto that with- in three minutes I should find myself at the top of a fifty-foot telephone pole without knowing how I got there! Being eager to see that the A.E. should go through on time this Eldo- nisto de A.E. contacted the Printers, who eagerly referred him to the Bind- ers- So, on a cheerful and sunny eve- ning, behold the writer, full of Faith and humming L'Es-pero, perambulat- ing to the Binders, quite prepared to pick up a few minute packages, and attend to them. Alas! We live now in a changing and unstable world (manufactured by politicians). When the writer went into the Bind- ers he was a gaja junulo . . . when he emerged he was a mizera kaduka maljuna viro kun blankaj haroj. The reasons for this change were many. Unue: He found that the Binders had formed a definite opinion of their forerunners, the same being ex- pressed fluently and odoriferously to the unfortunate writer by a lady executive who commiserated and sym- pathized with him. Due: When the writer saw the small packages of A.E. his heart sank; and when he lifted one of them his heart sank still more! It was then that his opinion of the Editor went up about 1000%. He remembered how the Editor had con- veyed the impression that he was in the habit of picking up these enor mous loads between the thumb anc forefinger of the right hand, and car rying them with an air of noncha lance some six blocks. Perhaps, musec the writer, I have not treated th< Editor with sufficient deference it the past, and I must be more care ful in the future. Certe, anyone wh< can sling loads like this around casu ally is no ordinary fellow; he mus be a regular Hercules! So the write admitted his failure, and engaged truck. Eamen, these large and weight congregations of the printed A.l were finally deposited in the Editor Office. In the last stages the write was buoyed up by Faith. He said t himself: this is one of the thim: that the Editor must have foresee and provided for. Probably he h: thoughtfully left a little tonic, son- weak orange juice, or perhaps sorm thing a little stronger for an eme 130 "THE A.E. MUST GO THROUGH!" 131 gency- So he went brightly and con- fidently to the logical place for this and found . . . Now, had the Editor foreseen this? No! he had not! . . . So the writer wiped the perspiration from his brow, and staggered wear- ily to the nearest ice-cream parlor. Perhaps! The remarkable weight, the gross and net tonnage, of the A.E. is not easily accounted for. Not only was it that the original tare was high, but it was continually increasing. Everything that one did with it in- creased the weight. Luckily we man- aged to get it into the hands of the Government, and it then became their problem. Apparently the A.E. is like an atom bomb in reverse. Instead of matter disintegrating, it accumulates. The longer we had them, the heavier they got. Up to this date the extraordinary mass of the A.E- has not been ex- plained satisfactorily by the Editor. On this subject he appears to be somewhat evasive and elusive. He manages (being a smart lad!) to change the course of the conversa- tion, and in a few minutes he is explaining in detail the similarity of Esperanto to Magyar, or its resem- blance to Chinese, or to Urdu. Ap- parently, however, he has a few the- ories on the question which are more ingenious than convincing, e.g. 1) There was some heavy thinking in that issue of the A.E. and this natu- rally increased the weight, 2) the Printers were more lavish in their use of ink than previously, 3) the paper of the Gazetoj was changed and perhaps the paper manufacturer loaded it up with Radium or Ura- nium salts (sendube, this would raise the weight . . . and also do other things, 4) in the Editorial he used many compound words, and long pre- fixes and suffixes, 5) by dividing up the Gazetojn into a larger number of packages the weight of each pack- age would decrease (the arithmetic of this crack is unassailable!) . . . There were naturally other prob- lems in connection with the A.E. but the fact that the readers received iliajn gazetojn is proof that they were solved. They had to be, and we had to get rid of the gazetojn as quickly as possible. If we had not it seemed as though the Editor's office would have been crammed with TONS of stuff by the time he returned. • . . This experience deals with only a very unimportant practical part of getting out the A.E. Ni ricevas, Es- perantistoj, niajn Gazetojn, presitajn kaj kompletajn, kaj ni kritikas ilin juste! Sed, only the person who has actually edited a small, magazine can realize the immense amount of thought and work that goes into even one issue. One may carefully organize and try to foresee, yet the unexpected always pops up. The Ed- itor has to be an army in himself; he would have an easier post with a much larger magazine and a much larger circulation. One very practical way of supporting the hands of the Editor who merits it (for the good standing of the A.E. arises from its being a labor of love), is to increase the circulation of the A.E. If each present subscriber were to obtain one other subscriber, it would help no- ticeably. But unfortunately, at pres- ent, the number of subscribers, in spite of the large population of Usono, is painfully small compared with other countries with much few- er people. That, we are sure, cannot continue to be the picture. See what you can do about it, Esperantistoj! Library and gift subscriptions are due. Let's continue and increase our efforts. AMERICAN ESPERANTIST G. Alan Connor, Editor 114 West 16th Street New York 11, N. Y. THE EDITOR'S DESK 'THE CENTURY OF THE COMMON MAN" In this issue we print the first instalment in Esperanto of the mem- orable speech by Henry A. Wallace — The Century of the Common Man — which he delivered before the Free World Association. Secretary Wallace readily gave us permission to translate and reprint his address. He is no stranger to Esperanto, hav- ing studied it in earlier years. We present the article to Esperantists throughout the world, because we believe that the principles of free- dom which are woven into that text are even more timely and more strik- ing now than when first enunciated. The advent of the Atomic Age gives a new emphasis to the prin- ciples found in The Century of the Common Man. With the explosion of the first atom bomb, those prin- ciples became imperatives for even the hard-headed realists of our time. We commend the article to our fel- low-Esperantists, for serious recon- sideration in the light of present world trends. A prerequisite to the full appli- cation of those principles of world freedom and world cooperation, is the speedy and universal adoption of Esperanto as the world auxiliary in intercommunication. The Century of the Common Man must be one in which man can speak to man on a neutral and facile and direct basis. No national (organic) language can do the job required, any more than a national government can serve as the internation. The new concept of interlanguage (Esperanto) and the new concept of internation (United Nations) are complementary and co- eval. A timely and scholarly analysis of this relationship between inter- language and internation will be found in this issue in the article by Professor Jose Martel. ZAMENHOF KAJ "AE" Dum ni atentigas pri la naskotago de D-ro Zamenhof, ni samtempe aten- tigu pri unu el liaj leteroj rilate al la graveco de alia naskotago — la nasko- tago de bona gazeto esperantista en Usono." La majstro tre klare antaŭvidis kiel gravaj estas Esperanto por Amer- iko kaj Ameriko por Esperanto. Nuntempe lia konsilo estas eĉ pli frapanta, car la granda forta lando Usono nun havas grandegan influon enla mondo. Cu eble la nova "Ame- rika Esperantisto" povas plenumi la deziron de Zamenhof rilate al Es- peranto en la mondo? Almenaŭ ni penu plenumi tiun grandiozan celon. Ni alvokas ĉiun samideanon al en- tuziasma subteno por ke la nova "AE" estu la naskiĝo de epoka suk- ceso por Esperanto. VTKTORO MURAJO La redaktisto de "AE" deziras paŭ- zi en la peza laboro por Esperanto por mencii bonan helpanton — Vik- toro Murajo. Li ne nur pagas sian kotizon al EANA, sed konstante la- boregas ĉiumaniere. Cent dolarojn por starigi novan centron esperan- tistan, dudek-kvin dolarojn por esti la unua responde al peto pri Pro- pagando-Kaso, donac-abonojn al AE, ktp. Krom tio, li alprenis la tutan respondecon en Julio pri la sendado de AE, por ke la redaktistoj povu ĝui iom da libertempo, kaj ĉiunu- mere adresas kovertojn, ktp, ktp. Ĉio tio estas nur parteto kion li tiel sin- doneme kaj modeste faras por Es- peranto. Ni do metas lin inter nin kiel nova Kunredaktisto por plua la- borego. 132 The Esperanto Association of North America EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Dr. Cecil Stockard, President, G. Alan Connor, Gen. Sec'y, Joseph Leahy, Member PRESIDENT'S LETTER The 15 th of December is a date which will be long remembered, for it is the birthday of Dr. Zamenhof. Small indeed is the number of men who have given to the world greater gifts than he. At present only a relatively small part of humanity realize how great a gift Esperanto is, but let us hope that at least some of us may see it accepted and used throughout the world for all inter-lingual communications. How can we best celebrate this important anniversary? Why not cele- brate it by giving gifts we can be sure Dr. Zamenhof would approve and appreciate? For several years I have been urging you to give Bonds to the reserve fund of EANA. These should be made out in the names of the Trustees, Mrs. Clara J. Quraishi, 2316 Tyler Ave., Detroit, Mich., and Air. Joseph H. Murray, 5935 Cherokee Ave., Route 6, Dearborn, Mich., and sent to die Treasurer, care of EANA, New York City, for safe-keeping. This will help bring our boys home sooner from foreign lands, and will at the same time greatly strengthen EANA. If a $25.00 bond is too much for an individual or small club to give, why not send along some Stamps which can be used to purchase bonds. Other gift suggestions are: a contribution to the special Publicity Fund, or other fund; subscriptions to the American Esperantist to be sent to various libraries, etc., or if you like, you can send Esperanto books or subscriptions to your Esperantist friends. All of these, I am sure, would be appreciated and would help substantially in financing the great forward movements which are just beyond the threshold of the new Era of Peace. — Cecil Stockard OUR VICE-PRESIDENT Robert Karlson, our new Vice-President, brings to the councils of EANA much added strength and sound judgment. In his own words: "I am 100 per- cent for a neutral, normal, and essentially practical policy for EANA." He has demonstrated the sincerity and effectiveness of this principle by active pro- motion, support and organization of Esperanto. In business life, Robert Karlson is Vice-President of the Reading Anthra- cite Canadian Company Limited, with central offices in Montreal, Canada. He was born at Omaha, Nebraska, in 1902, of parents who were of Swedish de- scent. He is married and has a grown son. All members of the Karlson family are students of Esperanto. EANA is indebted to Robert Karlson for many new members, subscrib- ers to AE, library subs, contributions, and book sales. He has printed many excellent Esperanto leaflets, stickers, letters, etc. on his own initiative, and uses them for the promotion of Esperanto in Canada and the United States. 133 ZAMENHOF PRI GRAVECO DE AMERIEA ESPERANTO-GAZETO Letero al la Amerika Esperantista Asocio (verŝajne 1907) Kara Sinjoro: Kun plezuro mi eksciis el via letero, ke via societo intencas baldaŭ komenci la eldonadon de amerika esperantista ĵurnalo. Kompreneble mi povas nur tre ĝoji pri tio ĉi kaj deziri al via gazeto la plej bonan sukceson. Ne pro simpla ĝentileco mi tion ĉi diras: vian estontan gazeton mi efektive trovas tre grava, kaj mi efektive atendas de ĝi tre multe da bono por nia afero. Ameriko estas tre grava por Esperanto kaj Esperanto estas tre grava por Ameriko; kaj tial la tago, en kiu aperos la unua bona gazeto esperantista en la plej grava lando de Ameriko, en la Nord-Amerikaj Unuigitaj Statoj, estos por nia afero tre grava dato. Ke via gazeto estos bona, pri tio mi ne dubas, car mi konas bone la energion kaj bonan volon de ĝiaj fondantoj. Mi estas konvinkita, ke vi sekvos la ekzemplon de la bonega kaj plej roe- rita brita frato, kaj via gazeto baldaii fariĝos unu el la plej gravaj centroj es- perantistaj, al kiu turniĝos la okuloj de la tutmonda esperantistaro. Via, L. ZAMENHOF AL LA MAJSTRO Je la naskotago de D-ro L. L, Zamenhof Aŭtoro de Esperanto, 15-a de Decembro Kiel sur kampo batala jam plena je sango kaj vundoj Frapas kugleto la koron de iu soldato, de 1' rango Brave antaŭen kurinta en forta, decida atako, Tiel en mezo de V brusto la vundo de grava doloro Frapis, ho ve, nian Majstron, de paca arme' pioniron. Morti sur la batalkampoj li vidis la samideanojn, Eble por cram kun ili defali la verdan standardon. Ĝermojn ne donis surtere la semoj de 1' Bona Parolo: Meze de maro de sango ĉu povas la floroj naskiĝi? Tiel la sorto kruele lin frapis, nek estis la venko La rekompenco de lia juneco de li fordonita, La ĉielarko brilanta post la uragano terura. Sed malesperi neniam ni lernis de lia ekzemplo, Kaj pli favoraj epokoj revenos por nia afero. Povu, ho, lia spirito revidi surmonde la paeon, Kiu al ĉiu popolo certigu por ĉiam la rajton. Ni rekomencos labori kuraĝe por la idealo. Sur lia tombo ni larmojn ne verŝu nek vane plendadu, Faru ni ion pli dolĉan al li, al la Majstro amata, Faru ni ĉiuj promeson: La sorto terure nin batos, Tamen tre alte ni ĉiam la verdan standardon tenados. Majstro, ho Majstro, ne mortos jam nia bravega anaro. — B. M. ("Paco kaj Justeco," Bruĝo, Belgujo) 134 LA ORGANIZO DE LA ESPERANTO-MOVADO EN LA POSTMILITA MONDO W. SOLZBACHER Bone konata Esperanto-pioniro en Nederlando, S-ro P. H. Schendeler en Eindhoven, kiu iam estis Cene- rala Sekretario de IKUE (Internacia Katolika Unuiĝo Esperantista), nun disvastigas projekton de Esperanto- Mond-Organizo (EMO), kies celo estus unuigi ĉiujn Esperanto-asociojn kaj grupojn, neŭtralajn kaj fakajn. La propono similas tiun, kiun oni jam realigis en Francujo, kie nun ekzistas anstataŭ la antaŭaj multoblaj asocioj, unu sola UEF (Unuiĝo Esperantista de Erancujo kaj Kolonioj), kiu entenas "fakojn" por laboristoj, instruistoj, komercistoj, katolikoj, protestantoj, judoj, radio, junulargasrejoj, ktp. Ni sendube ankoraŭ legos kaj aŭdos mu!- tajn propono jn por la "unuecigo" de la Esperanto-movado. "Unueco donas forton," kaj "kune ni venkos," dum ke tro granda nombro da malfortaj kaj fuse organizitaj asocioj kaj tro granda nombro da ftizaj Esperanto- gazetoj, ofte malgravaj, malbone re- daktataj kaj aĉe presataj, neniam "atingos la celon en gloro," malgraŭ ilia "longa laboro" Rigardante la Esperanto-movadon en la mondo, kiu nun malrapide adaptiĝas al la paco kaj, ni esperu, al daŭra kunlaboro kaj reciproka res- pekto inter la nacioj, ni vidas, ke inter la internaciaj organizaĵoj IEL (Internacia Esperanto-Ligo) travivis la militon sukcese kaj sane. La Jar- libro kaj la gazeto "Esperanto Inter- nacia" aperis regule, kvankam en mal- granda formato. La servoj de la De- legitoj estis daŭrigataj tiom, kiom la kondiĉoj de la milito kaj de la cen- zuro permesis. Ni tamen ne forgesu, ke la sukceso de IEL estas ŝuldata preskaŭ ekskluzive al la britaj sami- deanoj. En ĉiuj militaj jaroj, ankaŭ en 1944, pli ol la duono de la mem- broj de IEL estis britoj. Laŭ la fi- nanca vidpunkto la brita faktoro es- tis eĉ pli grava, car granda plimulto de la Patronoj, Dumvivaj Membroj kaj Membroj-Subtenantoj estas bri- toj. IEL preskaŭ fariĝis fako de BEA (Brita Esperantista Asocio). Post la reveno de la paco tio iom post iom ŝanĝiĝos, kvankam politikaj cirkon- stancoj kaj la malfacilajoj de trans- pago de mono de unu lando al alia restos ankoraŭ por longa tempo seri- ozaj baroj al plena efikeco. UEA (Universala Esperanto-Aso- cio) ne estis same sukcesa kiel IEL en la daŭrigo de sia laboro. En la unua parto de la milito, kiam ĉenevo estis ankoraŭ grava internacia centro, UEA organizis efikajn servojn. Mi scias el mia propra sperto, ke Espe- rantista Interhelpo bone funkciis kaj helpis Esperantistajn milirviktimojn. Ankaŭ la subteno al la familio Za- menhof estis bone organizata. La ga- zeto "Esperanto," fondita de Hector Hodler kaj Edmond Privat en 1905, aperis ĝis 1942. Kiam la Hider-ar- meoj okupis la sudon de Francujo, Svisujo fariĝis sieĝata fortikaĵo- UEA estis izolita de la ekstera mondo kaj devis ĉesigi publikigon de la gazeto kaj fermi la oficejon. S-ro Hans Jakob, Administranto de UEA, ak- ceptis postenon en ŝtata oficejo funk- cianta en Palais Wilson (iama sidejo de la Ligo de Nacioj), del ke UEA almenaŭ konservis sian impresan adre- son. Elvenis kelkaj numeroj de cik- lostilita "Informa Bulteno," kaj ŝaj- nas, ke nun la agado estas reorgani- zata kai "Esperanto" reaperos. En 1941 "Esperanto" (N-ro 490) enhavis artikolon pri "la re-unuec- igo de la Esperanto - movado." ĉi presis leteron, en kiu UEA propo- nis al IEL, ke por la daŭro de la mi- 135 136 AMERIKA ESPERANTISTO lito la du organizajoj eldonu komu- nan Jarlibron kaj komunan gazeton. Mi ne scias, ĉu io tia estus ankoraŭ farebla. Sendube la ekzisto de du De- legito-sistemoj kaj du Jarlibroj neŭ- tralaj estas maiŝparo de energio kaj mono. La Delegito-sistemo estas si- mila al telefon-teto. Telefono estas vere utila nur, se oni povas atingi per ĝi grandan nombron da personoj, kiujn oni devas aŭ volas kontakti. EC tiuj, kiuj forte kredas je la uti- leco de konkurenco en la ekonomia vivo, scias bone, ke ekzisto de du konkurencaj telefon-teto j estus sen- sencajo. En la pasintaj jaroj kelkaj el la dis- putobjektoj inter IEL kaj UEA per- dis sian gravecon. La Esperantistoj ne plu multe interesiĝas pri la jura konflikto, en kiu svisa tribunalo de- cidis kontraŭ la ekskomitatanoj de UEA, kiuj fondis IELon. La plifor- tigo de la internacia Esperanto-mo- vado, kiu, laŭ la espero de muitaj, devis esti la rezulto de kunfandiĝo de internacia serva organizo kun ligo de naciaj propaganda j asocioj, ŝajnas nun iom duba. Fakte nur en Britujo, Francujo kaj Brazilo la naciaj aso- cioj ankaŭ administras la IEL-aferojn. En ĉiuj aliaj landoj la Ĉefdelegitoj de IEL agas preskaŭ ekzakte en la sama maniero kiel la Ĉefdelegitoj de UEA. Ilia kunlaboro kun la na- ciaj asocioj ĝenerale ne estas pli in- time ol antaŭe, kiam UEA havis sen- dependan internacian organizon. Laŭ la financa vidpunkto la Asociaj Mem- broj ne estas granda helpo. Aliflanke la argumento de UEA pri la graveco de la urbo Ĝenevo kiel internacia centro perdis multe de sia antaŭa praveco. ĉenevo restos grava kiel sidejo de la Internacia Ruĝa Kruco kaj de aliaj internaciaj organizajoj, kaj ĝia geografia situa- cio restos favora. Tamen estas nun preskaŭ certe, ke la nova mondor- ganizo de la Unuigitaj Nacioj havos sian centrejon ne en Ĝenevo, sed en San-Francisko- Kiel Usonanoj ni es- tos ĝojaj kaj fieraj pri tio, kvankam kiel Esperantistoj ni scios, ke en San- Francisko ne ekzistas tiel forta Es- peranto-movado kaj tiel granda nom- bro da eminentuloj Esperantistaj aŭ favoraj al Esperanto kiel en Ĝenevo. Se ili ne ekzistas, oni devas krei ilin, diros niaj fervoruloj. Ili estas pra- vaj. Kaj la ĉefa respondeco por tio falos sur la Esperantistojn de Nord- ameriko, sur EANA, kaj sur la pro- pagandlaboron de nia gazeto "AE." Ŝajnas, ke mi vagis for de mia temo al alia temo. Tamen por ni Esperantistoj en Usono kaj Kanado la du temoj estas rekte interligataj. Ni bezonas fortan internacian Es- peranto-asocion, ne nur por organizi praktikajn servojn, eldoni dikan Jar- libron kaj disvastigi novajojn pri la movado, sed ankaŭ por plani kaj realigi grandskalan propagandon en la internacia vivo. En la estonteco muitaj centropunktoj de la internacia vivo troviĝos en la okcidenta hemi- sfero, speciale en Usono. Por ludi nian rolon en tiuj novaj cirkonstan- coj, ni bezonas pli grandan, pli for- tan, pli aktivan Esperanto-movadon en Nordameriko, pli multajn mem- brojn por EANA, pli multajn abo- nantojn por AE. Por sukcese labori por la enkonduko de Esperanto en internaciajn organizajojn, ni bezonas eĉ pli bonan AE, efikajn librojn kaj broŝurojn, aktivajn komitatojn, laŭ- sisteman agadon, intiman kunlaboron inter EANA, la tutmonda Esperanto- movado, kaj la Esperanto-asocioj de aliaj gravaj landoj. Mi volas nur aludi unit delikatan problemon de la movado: la proble- mon de la rusaj Esperantistoj. Ili es- tas multnombraj, kaj ili estis tre ak- tivaj ĝis antaŭ dek jaroj. Neniu or- ganizo ŝajnas ekzisti nun en tiu lan- do, en kiu oni unue malpermesis la neŭtralan Esperanto-movadon, poste LA ORGANIZO DE LA ESPERANTO-MOVADO 137 la SAT-movadon, kaj fine ankaŭ la So- vetlandan Esperanto-Unuiĝon (SEU), kies gvidantoj ŝajne fariĝis politike suspektaj. Oni aŭdis multe da oni- diroj pri la kaŭzo, sed oni ne konas solidajn faktojn. Se Esperanto volas sukcesi en la internacia vivo, estas necese, ke Rusujo helpu kaj ke la rasa Esperantistaro kunlaboru — en ia maniero. Ni esperu, ke ankaŭ por tiu problemo solvo estos trovata. Pri la fakaj Esperanto-asocioj mi intencas diri ion en alia artikolo. Hi estas gravaj, sed devus eviti mal- fortigon de la neŭtrala movado en la ĝenerala laboro por Esperanto. Estas multaj metodoj por efekti- vigi unuecon. Serĉi la plej 'bonan, estas tasko de la gvidantoj- Sed la plej grava afero estas, ke ĉiu Espe- rantisto klopodu kompreni la nece- secon de inteligenta, sistema kaj per- sists kunlaborado. La 15a de Decem- bro, 86a naskotago de D-ro Zamen- hof, donos al ni specialan okazon pensi pri tiu devo. PLENKRESKAJ CIVITANOJ DE LA MONDO Raymond Gram Swing La artikolo de la fama radio-komentisto estas disvastigata de la asocio "Amikoj de Detnokrateco" (Friends of Democracy, Inc.). Gi montras, ke ĉiuj homoj senescepte nun havas la devon interesiĝi pri mondaferoj. Via prapatro, kiu vivis antaŭ mul- taj jarcentoj, antaŭ la tagiĝo de la historio, estis respondeca nur pri sia familio. Lia pranepo havis pli gran- dan respondecon kaj pli grandan avantaĝon, estante civitano de vilaĝo. Vi mem grandiĝis kiel civitano de via urbo, via ŝtato kaj via nacio. Nun io nova estas aldonita: En la venonta paco vi kaj cut Uso- nano estos civitano de la mondo, res- tante samtempe civitano de Usono. Tio signifas, ke ni ĉiuj devas esti kapablaj porti respondecon pri mond- aferoj. Tiel ni pagas por niaj novaj avantaĝoj, same kiel tiu maJnova pra- patro pagis per respondeco por la avantaĝoj, kiujn li ĝuis kiel civitano de vilaĝo. Ni estos parto de mondo, kiu es- tos regata de la potenco kaj metodo de interkonsento. Kiel civitanoj de la mondo ni devas kompreni la ne- cesecon de interkonsento kun altaj nacioj. La rajtoj kaj opinioj de aliaj estas same gravaj por ili kiel viaj estas por vi. Ni devas renkonti la aliajn naciojn je la duono de la vojo. Ni jam sentis en nia vivo la mond- problemojn. Kio okazis en la Malaja Duoninsulo kaj en Nederlanda Hin- du jo, fariĝis sentebla por ni per la manko de kaŭĉuko. Ni trovis nin intime envolvitaj en la problemon de la pola registaro kaj en demandojn pri la rajtoj de ordinataj homoj en la liberigitaj regionoj tra la tuta mondo. Sed antaŭ ĉio ni devas lerni, ke ĉiuj tiuj problemoj, en mondo de kunligitaj suverenaj ŝtatoj, devas esti traktataj per la metodo de interkon- sento. Ni ne plu povas retiriĝi el la ludo kiel kolera infano, kiu diras: "Mi ne plu volas ludi." Diskutante mondproblemojn, ni devas koni tion, pri kio ni parolas. Civitano de mondo de paco devos esti politika kaj eko- nomia plenkreskulo. En mondcivita- neco, same kiel en familia vivo, mal- grandaj infanoj estas tre amuzaj, sed plenkreskulo j, kiuj agas kvazaŭ ili estus infanoj,