INTERLANGUAGE AMERICAN ESPERANTIST One Auxiliary Language and The United Nations Cooperation & Lnterlanguage for Youth of World Strategy and Tactics for the Esperanto Movement Commander Lambert's Slogan — "Forge Forward!" Ofiaala Organo de la ESPERANTO ASOCIO de NORD-AMERIKO JUL—AUG, 1945 Twenty-five Cents Address communications to: AMERICAN ESPERANTIST Vol. 60 G. ALAN CONNOR, Editor Nos. 7-8 114 West 16th Street New York 11, N. Y. Associate Editors: Dr. W. Solzbacher, Joseph Leahy, Doris Tappan Connor, Pauline Knight. China: The Very Rev. Dr. John B. Kao. Eire: Lorcan O hUiginn, P.C.T. CONTENTS — ENHAVO Strategy & Tactics for Esperanto Movement . . W. Solzbacher, Ph. D. 73 "Forge Forward!" ...... Commander■ R. E. Lambert, USNR 78 Cooperation & Interlanguage for Youth .... Salvador Fernandez 80 English Spoken — In Liberated Belgium........W. S. 81 News Behind the News................. 82 Esperanto in Action.................. 83 "One Auxiliary Language"............The Editor 84 After Twelve Long Years...........Joseph Leahy 85 President's Letter — EANA Election.....Dr. Cecil Stockard 85 New Life in the E. A. N. A..........Joseph Leahy 86 San-Francisko kaj Esperanto........Helene Wolff-Kleve 87 Esperanto en Aiistralio.......Pastro Gabriel N. Pausback 89 Esperanto en Belgujo..........D-ro Fernand Roose 90 Amikoj en Cinujo per Esperanto . . . Serĝento Harold Schroeppel 91 Signoj de Reviveco en Italujo.....Kaporalo David Jagerman 91 Esperanto Denove Floras en Francujo . . Leŭtenanto Chas. E. Simon 92 Intervjuo kun Germana Esperantistino ..." Soldato D. B. Richardson 93 Mia Hundo — Facila Legado........Dianto Chomette 94 Friendly Tips for Students............D. T. C. 94 Esperanto-Kroniko................... 95 Deziras Korespondi . . ................. 96 American Esperantist is published bi-monthly, for the Esperanto Association of North America, by the Esperanto Institute for Interlanguage. Make Checks Payable to Order of the Editor — G. Alan Connor. Twenty-five Cents per Copy — $1 per Year AMERICAN ESPERANTIST Vol 60 JULY-AUGUST, 1945 Nos. 7-8 STRATEGY AND TACTICS FOR THE ESPERANTO MOVEMENT W. SOLZBACHER, PH.D. This article, the third in a series on The Post-War Language Problem, summarizes, and on some points enlarges, the last part of a lecture delivered before the Esperanto Interlanguage As- sociation in New York. When a prominent member of the United States Cabinet was re- cently presented with an Esper- anto translation of one of his speeches, he said: "Oh, this is Esperanto! I studied it myself twenty years ago, but I have not heard of it recently." This Amer- ican statesman has been on offi- cial missions in many lands. He has certainly encountered linguis- tic difficulties which would have been eased by the use of Esper- anto. Among the foreign states- men he met, there were undoubt- edly some, perhaps many, who once studied Esperanto as he did. The fact that the neutral Interlan- guage was not used in cases where it might have been of great help shows that it is not sufficient to teach Esperanto in classes, to sell textbooks for home study, and to organize Esperanto Clubs. There are many persons who are so busy that they cannot be expected to join an Esperanto Club or take an active part in the Esperanto movement, but who would gladly learn and use Esperanto if it were of immediate use to them in their own field of endeavor. Goverment officials are not necessarily impressed by the fact that Esperanto is being widely used by stamp collectors and for the translation of the literature of smaller nations. An executive in the meat packing business will not find it helpful for his purposes that organizations of vegetarians in many countries have been using Esperanto. A person who is interested mainly in selling Methodist literature will need more incitement than the knowl- edge that there are many Catholic Esperanto associations and publi- cations. The wide range of fields in which Esperanto has been used successfully is in many respects an asset. It is, however, true that in some vitally important circles the knowledge of Esperanto is not yet spread widely enough to be of great practical use here and now —not at some later date and un- der conditions which still have to be created. The promotion of Esperanto 73 74 AMERICAN ESPERANTIST has been carried on and is being carried on by two different me- thods. The first is the organiza- tion of a "movement" whose members use the language among themselves intensely and perman- ently. By means of classes, clubs, regional, national and interna- tional associations, by the publica- tion of books and periodicals, by conferences, vacation camps and large scale Congresses, by person- al correspondence from land to land, the "movement" has been built. Before dictatorial regimes drove it underground in many countries, there were about 45,000 members in the Esperanto organ- izations. Up to 5,000 delegates attended the annual Universal Congresses of Esperanto (4,963 at Nuremberg, in 1923). About 200 Esperanto journals had a total circulation of about 350,000. At first sight, these figures may not seems very imposing. Any- one who has looked behind the scene in international organiza- tions knows, however, that in many associations boasting an enormous membership the real in- ternational activities are carried on by a few hundred persons, specially qualified by ability, train- ing and interest, and that at inter- national conferences the majority of the delegates are almost always seen in the company of those who speak their own language. Real "internationality" is much greater in the Esperanto movement than in most other international organ- izations (using national tongues). Only a small percentage of those who have learned Esperanto join Esperanto organizations and take subscriptions to Esperanto magazines. This means that out- side the ranks of the "active" Es- perantists there is a many times larger number of persons who might be called "passive" Esper- antists, who use the Interlanguage occasionally and are ready to use it on a larger scale as soon as such use is organized—by others. It is a worthwhile undertaking to transform as many as possible of these passive Esperantists into active Esperantists, but there are obvious limits to this. In the past the organized Esperanto move- ment has attracted in particular idealists who use the Interlan- guage for cultivating international friendship and solidarity and who are willing to invest time, energy and money in something which will bring its full fruits only in the future. The second method of Esper- anto promotion consists in "sell- ing" Esperanto to organizations, governmental and private institu- tions, and key persons who have already been engaged in interna- tional work and are likely, on the basis of bitter experiences, to re- cognize the need for a neutral Interlanguage, as well as to the leaders of public opinion in gen- eral. Dissatisfaction with the makeshift methods which have been used to bridge the gulf of STRATEGY AND TACTICS FOR ESPERANTO 75 linguistic misunderstanding at in- ternational gatherings has been voiced by many authoritative ob- servers, including delegates and journalists at the San Francisco Conference. A great many per- sons see the question; the problem is to make them see that Esper- anto is the answer. This second method is not concerned so much with persuading individual per- sons to learn Esperanto them- selves, as with making them will- ing to advocate or support the use of Esperanto, in a permanent or esperimental way, in their own field. Permanent practical use of Esperanto in certain important fields will automatically increase the incentive to study Esperanto for large numbers of persons in those fields. Either one of these two me- thods, used exclusively, is insuf- ficient. The "natural growth" of the Esperanto movement, through classes, clubs, etc., is too slow to bring about, within a reasonable length of time, the general and official use of Esperanto in inter- national life. On the other hand, experience shows that "shortcuts" based on the second method are successful only when a consider- able amount of preparatory work has been done and when a suffi- cient number of experienced Es- perantists are available to make the experiment a success. If it is allowed to apply military termi- nology, one might say that the strategy of planned Esperanto pro- motion must consist in combining the two methods in the form of a wide pincers movement. It is essential to make both prongs of the pincers strong and to avoid premature and too bold action. Examples of the successful use of this strategy were the confer- ences on "Esperanto in Com- merce, Industry and Tourism" (Venice 1923 and Paris 1925), on the "Application of Esperanto to Pure and Applied Sciences" (Paris 1925), and on "Esperanto in Modern Life" (Paris 1937). This last conference was in four sections: "Esperanto in the Schools", "Esperanto in Interna- tional Transportation", "Esperan- to in Science", "Esperanto in In- tellectual Cooperation." The Chairman of the fourth section was M. Henri Bonnet, then Exec- utive Director of the Internation- al Institute of Intellectual Cooper- ation, at present French Ambas- sador to the United States. These conferences were not convened by Esperanto organizations but by organizations and government de- partments which had a serious in- terest in the Interlanguage pro- blem and favored Esperanto. They sought the cooperation of groups and individuals who had wide ex- perience in the use of Esperanto in the particular figids to be dis- cussed. At Venice, more than 200 delegates represented Chambers of Commerce, trade fairs, indus- trial, transport and tourist organ- izations from 23 countries. Most 76 AMERICAN ESPERANTIST of the discussions were in Esper- anto. About half the delegates were non-Esperantists or persons who had learned some Esperanto just for the conference. The con- ferences had excellent results and opened new vistas for the use of Esperanto. The follow-up work was eventually disrupted by events which handicapped all interna- tional activties and led to the sec- ond World War. But the strategy used in these conferences should be employed again in the post- war world, if possible, on a much larger scale. It may come as a surprise to some to learn that Esperanto has been used in one form or another in at least 800 international con- ferences. They may be divided into four categories: (1) Conferences conducted ex- clusively in Esperanto included the 31 Universal Congresses of Esperanto (two of them held in the United States, at Washington in 1910 and at San Francisco in 1915), the International Con- gresses of Esperantist Workers or- ganized by SAT (Sennacieca Aso- cio Tutmonda), the 21 Interna- tional Catholic Esperanto Con- gresses. A Conference on the Teaching of Esperanto in Schools was held at the League of Nations Building in Geneva in 1921, a Conference on "Peoples around the Baltic" in Stockholm in 1944, etc. These conferences, some of them attended by thousands of delegates from all over the world, have demonstrated the ease with which international discussions on the most varied topics can be car- ried on in Esperanto. A disad- vantage is that almost all those present are already enthusiastic Esperantists and that there is little direct "penetration" into new cir- cles. At the Universal Congresses there was also sometimes a lack of interesting subject matter. This has been remedied by an increas- ing number of sectional meetings for different professional, cultural, religious, political and other groups, as well as by the organiza- tion of International Summer Universities in Esperanto, con- nected with the Congresses. There are undoubtedly great possibilities in their further development. (2) Conferences at which Es- peranto was the only language of translation included the Confer- ence on Peace through the Schools, Prague, 1927 (sponsored by the International Bureau of Education), and the Inter-Religi- ous Conference for Peace, The Hague, 1928. These conferences did not talk much about Esper- anto, and all delegates were free to speak in any national tongue or in Esperanto. Translations were made into Esperanto only. The underlying idea is that it is easy to learn in a short time enough Esperanto to understand it while some practice is necessary for speaking it fluently. The me- thod proved to be extremely suc- cessful at the conferences men- STRATEGY AND TACTICS FOR ESPERANTO 77 tioned above and at several others. In some cases, in which theoreti- cally the same procedure had been decided upon, it was not possible to carry it through because too many delegates came unprepared. The method has undoubtedly great possibilities for the future. To make it completely successful, it is necessary that there be a rea- sonably high percentage of Esper- antists among the delegates, that there are first class translators, and that all delegates are inform- ed well in advance that they are expected to know some Esperanto when arriving. (3) Conferences at which Es- peranto was one of the official languages on the same footing as English, French, and German in- cluded such diverse gatherings as the International Catholic Youth Conferences of Oxford, 1925, and Barcelona, 1929, the Conference of the War Resisters' Internation- al, Copenhagen, 1937, and many others. The advantages of this sys- tem are that delegates, in particu- lar from smaller countries, can take part without knowing one of the major national tongues and that the practical use of Esperanto is demonstrated in such a way that the future use of the second sys- tem (described above) is effec- tively prepared. A disadvantage is that Esperanto is added to the other languages so that matters become, at least temporarily, more complicated than before. (4) There have been hundreds of international conferences at which some meetings, official or unofficial, were conducted exclu- sively in Esperanto while different language practices prevailed at the other meetings. The Third Congress of the World Federa- tion of Education Associations, for instance, which was held at Geneva in 1929, couduaed three of its main sessions exclusively in Esperanto. At other conferences, the Esperanto "sections" ranged all the way from purely fraternal meetings, and from brief demons- trations staged for the purpose of drawing attention to the Interlan- guage, to complete parallel gather- ings discussing in Esperanto the same topics which the confer- ences-at-large discussed with poly- glot speeches, translations, misun- derstandings, and all the trim- mings. In many instances, non- Esperantist delegates were strong- ly impressed by a comparison be- tween the ease with which the discussions proceeded in the Esp- eranto meetings and the linguistic complications in the others. When well organized, this system has great possibilities for the promo- tion of Esperanto. It is obviously not in itself a satisfactory solution of the language problem at inter- national conferences. A great deal of sound planning will be necessary to bring about the gradual change from the un- satisfactory language practices which prevail now to the increas- ing use of Esperanto. More people 78 AMERICAN ESPERANTIST will want to learn Esperanto when it is more widely used. On the other hand, Esperanto will be more widely used when more per- sons, in particular more "key" per- sons in international activities, learn it. Governments and school authorities will consider the intro- duction of Esperanto when a siz- able part of public opinion de- mands it. On the other hand, large numbers of people will learn Esperanto when it is official- ly taught in the schools and when its knowledge is required from applicants for certain government positions. Obviously step-by-step methods will have to be used. The normal progress will be hastened not by exaggerated claims but by a strategy which concentrates on the essential points and by a tactic which uses practical demonstra- tion and realistic reasoning and adapts itself fully to the needs of any new situation. "FORGE FORWARD!" Commander Richard E. Lambert, USNR At the Editor's suggestion, Commander Lambert took time out from his strenuous war duties to pen the following "Thoughts on Esperanto". He gives us the timely and inspiring slogan: "Forge Forward!" Commander and Mrs. Lambert are collaborating on an important new work in com- parative linguistics which will include the interlanguage Esperanto. Since I first studied Esperanto for- ty years ago in Cleveland, I natural- ly feel, after reading E. D. Durrant's "The Language Problem, Its History and Solution", that the author should have included a chapter, however small, on the development (or lack of it perhaps) in the North American Continent, parallel with the ups and downs of the movement in other con- tinents. My first suggestion is that if there is any equally recent and condensed but comprehensive historic account of this now hardy constructed lan- guage in this part of the world, it should be editorially pointed to as a complementary companionpiece to the Durrant book Failing such, a digest or historic sketch of about 1,000 words should be prepared for this journal entided, Omitted Chapter on Esperanto in North America, Missing from Durrant's History. Next, I would accept the challenge in the famous Professor Bergson's enforced but shameful hedging, dodg- ing, and reversal, mentioned in Dur- rant, page 88: "... we should allow the intellectual and moral forces to decide through the evolution of events. There is no other way of ascertaining whether a great innova- tion (Esperanto) is desirable or not —it will be if it finally forces itself forward." Let us, then, henceforth use as the slogan for Esperanto's pro- gress: "FORGE FORWARD!" It is short, simple, direct, commanding, and inspiring. Esperanto has long since come of age. While part of its essence is to "FORGE forward/" 19 grow as an auxiliary language—auxi- liary to 'natural' or 'organic' tongues so far as regional speech and litera- tures go—still, within its own field, international intercourse, it merits being referred to as THE Interna- tional Language, dropping the word "auxiliary' from its name. To prevent the uninitiated or too sensitive from mistaking Esperanto's purposes in calling itself THE International Lan- guage, the practice could be adopted of starring this title and explaining its auxiliary nature in a footnote. {Editor's comment: We believe that the living fact of Esperanto and its auxiliary nature are clearly and sim- ply indicated in the term THE In- terlanguage'.) Let us turn to another intriguing phase of increasing Esperanto's ad- equacy — the marriage of two Univ- ersals. We've all heard it said more than once that music is a universal language. True! But it's a language of the emotions. Nothing derogatory in that, mind you. Education, cultiva- tion, exercise, exploration, expression, elevation of the emotions are equally important with training and expres- sion of the mind. Moreover, musico- logists insist that there's much of the mind in music besides its emotional appeal. Trouble is, for most of lis, music's melody, harmony, and system of nota- tion need words. And the words in music tend toward reducing the univ- ersality of the music while heighten- ing it for those relatively few esthetes who know the language in which those words are written. Let us ad- vance the universality of the music itself by universalizing its words too. Not only by translations into Esper- anto — such as the Esperanto com- petitions in the Welsh Eisteddfods and possibly an occasional Deutscher Sangerverein, and the Esperanto Hym- nary — but by formal and serious and wide encouragement of original Esperantist expression, to accompany grand music, or to which grand music can be composed. In these days when world-minded- ness has permeated the whole of so- ciety everywhere, there is something fascinating about a modest humble scientist in Poland under Russian domination, neglecting his other in- terests to perfect this beautiful tool for world-wide intercourse. Spectac- ular, too, that instead of tying his invention to one of the three lan- guages he might be expected to favor — Polish, Hebrew, Russian — he courageously adopted the Romance and Teutonic Languages as the basis for his work after discovering by severe comparative research that they lent themselves best to his noble ob- jective. Its acceptance throughout all the sectors of the literate world, proves the validity of his judgment. I nominate Dr. Zamenhof as one of Humanity's genuine immortals. I'll confine my concluding remarks to the Cseh method of teaching. I happen to know well a lady who is very critical of much high school and college teaching in general, and of languages in particular. Moreover, she was strongly opposed at first to inclusion of Esperanto among the languages of our collaborated work in the comparative linguistic field. Mrs. Lambert's middle name, when once she has made a decision or taken an attitude, should be 'Tenaci- ous'. I mean, she is then as hard to change as the law of the Medes and Persians. Exposure to the Cseh method won her so completely that she thinks it the world's best method of teaching language, and in the pro- cess of studying, she has become an enthusiastic advocate of Esperanto as THE International Language. More power to you all. FORGE FORWARD! COOPERATION AND INTERLANGUAGE FOR THE YOUTH OF THE WORLD Salvador Fernandez International Commissioner, Boy Scouts of Cuba, Havana When I came to this great coun- try, five months ago, following a friendly invitation from the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-Amer- ican Affairs and from the Boy Scouts of America, I had no idea how much I would learn not only about the organization and success- ful management of the Boy Scouts movement but also about matters of much greater importance. Liv- ing together with Scout leaders from Paraguay, Brazil, Chile, Pe- ru, Ecuador, Colombia, Costa Ri- ca, Nicaragua, Guatemala, Mexico and Cuba, I experienced not only a deeper understanding of the comradeship among the Scouts of this hemisphere but also of the concepts of a true worldwide bro- therhood based on the Scout ideals. We founded the Inter-American Committee of Boy Scouts for the orientation and coordination of our methods and our ideas. It will contribute, I hope, in bringing about closer relationships with the International Boy Scout Bureau in London, which is at present over- whelmed with work for the re- habilitation of the Scout Associa- tions in the recently liberated countries of Europe. In this con- nection, it should be also empha- sized that the Boy Scouts of Amer- ica, when they celebrated their thirty-fifth anniversary last Feb- ruary, launched the slogan: "Scouts of the World — Brothers Together". This is not just a slog- an. Action has been undertaken to make it a reality, in particular by the establishment of a Fund for the reconstruaion of the Scout movement in the liberated coun- tries of Europe and the Pacific where, in spite of Nazi and Jap- anese domination, the movement has continued its existence under- ground. Thus the youth of the world is praaising Internationalism and making its contribution to the future peace of the world. Among the obstacles which have to be overcome is the language barrier. Here is the point where Esper- anto, the neutral and praaical In- terlanguage, has to play its great role. I have long been familiar with Esperanto because my father has given much time and energy to the promotion of its knowledge and use. But in the past I used to think of Esperanto rather as an interesting hobby. Now I re- alize, however, with absolute clar- ity how important and helpful Esperanto will be in the post-war world and in all international or- ganizations. When I visited, at my father's request, Mr. and Mrs. Connor in New York, in order to receive some information about the Esperanto movement in this 80 COOPERATION AND INTERLANGUAGE FOR YOUTH 81 country, I had no idea how much this visit would help me to get a better understanding of the role of Esperanto and to strengthen my belief in the idea of practical Internationalism. What I like especially in Esperanto is its char- acter as an Inter language: It does not aim at becoming a substitute for the national languages or at adding another tongue to their number, but is a bridge across the borderlines of countries and lan- guages. Like the Boy Scout movement, the International Esperanto League covers the globe, bridging differ- ences of caste, race, religion, cus- tom, climate and politics. At worldwide Congresses and confer- ences where Esperanto is used one finds a spirit of real Internation- alism which develops and ex- presses itself with a facility impos- sible at other international gather- ings. Those who are called to carry out the decisions of the San Fran- cisco Conference or to take an active part, in any other way, in building international organiza- tions on a solid basis, should keep in mind these two important fac- tors for the establishment of a stable and lasting peace: the in- ternational cooperation of the youth of the world in the Scout movement, and the tremendous possibilities and achievements of the Interlanguage Esperanto as an instrument of worldwide under- standing and intercourse. English Spoken—In Liberated Belgium The other day, at Liege, an Allied officer riding in a streetcar found himself in the company of four Bel- gians each wearing a white star on his sleeve, a recognized token for civilians speaking English. The officer addressed the first per- son and asked him, "Do you think the war will be over soon?" The Bel- gian hesitated a moment, looked at his watch and replied in very good English: "It is seven-thirty, sir." The officer slightly taken aback, but addressing the second Belgian, asked him: "Does this man want to make a joke?" The second Belgian blushed and replied in good English: "I do not understand exactly." Then, the officer turned to the third Belgian, a very pretty blonde, and asked her: "Is that how one un- derstands English in Liege?" The damsel smiled sweetly and replied in very good English: "I regret very much, but I already have a date for tonight." Finally, the officer turned to the fourth Belgian with the hope that he would solve the whole mystery and asked him: "What does all this mean?" The Belgian replied very politely: "If you want to go to the city of Ans, you are on the wrong streetcar." This nice story, reprinted from the weekly bulletin of the Belgian Infor- mation Center in New York, "News from Belgium" (February 24, 1945), should be of special interest to those persons who believe that the Inter- language problem can be solved by everybody learning English! NEWS BEHIND THE NEWS For the first time in French history women went to the polls and ran for office in the recent municipal elec- tions. Among the candidates in the Tenth Electoral District of Paris was Mademoiselle Juliette Saigne, a sales- girl in a drug store. One of the planks of her electoral platform advocated "compulsory introduction of an inter- national language, to be used side by side with the national tongue, to per- mit closer relations between the na- tions". No information has been re- ceived as to whether Mademoiselle Saigne was elected, and there may be some doubts as to whether municipal elections are the best occasion for promoting the adoption of an interna- tional auxiliary language. This ex- ample, born of language problems in Paris, shows, however, that the lan- guage question is "in the air", in liberated France as well as elsewhere. • One of the secret weapons which defeated Nazi Field Marshal von Rundstedt in the Battle of the Belgian Bulge, was recendy described on the British radio. Its name is "Fido". Fido is the Esperanto word for faith. The Allied soldiers had plenty of it, but it was not only faith that stemmed the tide of the German of- fensive. "Fido" stands also for "Fog Investigation Dispersal Operation". Consisting of smokeless flame from gasoline burners along the sides of a landing strip, it represents one of the most outstanding British inven- tions in this war. "Fido" made it pos- sible for the big bombers on the British air fields to rise in spite of thick fog and disrupt von Rundstedt's supply lines. We did not entirely understand the scientific explanations given on the Radio Newsreel, but we grasped enough to become con- vinced that the invention was so great that it required an Esperanto name! In China, Sergeant Schroeppel re- ports: A University Course in Es- peranto has been started in The Southwest United Universities of Kunming. The Chinese Esperanto journal has been issued in a new format, and a new "Complete Dic- tionary Esperanto-Chinese" was pub- lished in October of last year. The Chinese take to easy Esperanto. * Sixty-two languages were used in a publication which the students of the International Propaganda Fide College at the Vatican handed over to Pope Pius XII on the occasion of his episcopal jubilee. Cardinal Te- deschini, who holds one of the high- est dignities in the Catholic Church, mentioned this in an article which he contributed to a recently pub- lished book on "The Church and the War". The Cardinal is rightly proud of the universality of the Church of Rome exemplified by the 62 lan- guages. When it comes to practical cooperation, however, these 62 lan- guages and hundreds of others are not only a sign of universality but also a very serious obstacle to mu- tual understanding. Latin, which served as a universal language in the middle ages, is difficult and has lost contact with modern life. The Pope himself uses it only seldom in his speeches. For practical purposes the modern Interlanguage Esperanto, easy to learn and absolutely neutral, has been increasingly used in Catho- lic circles. Many Catholic books and more than a dozen Catholic period- icals have been published in Esper- anto. Three Popes, and Bishops in many countries, have given their bles- sing to the Esperanto movement. And we know at least one Bishop, in Czechoslovakia, the Most Rever- end Dr. A. Eltschkner, who has placed die Green Star of Esperanto into his ecclesiastical coat-of-arms. 82 ESPERANTO IN ACTION In France, where the Esperanto movement continued underground dur- ing the Nazi occupation, Admiral Rollet de l'lsle (who died during the war) tried in 1940 to continue the promotion of Esperanto in public, by sending out circulars recommending Esperanto as a "European language." He was summoned to Gestapo head- quarters. He replied that as an Ad- miral of the French Navy he could not obey such a summons but that he would answer questions if the Gestapo would come to him. High Gestapo officials appeared at his home They stayed three hours, asking ques- tions about Esperanto and the Ad- miral's Esperanto activities. When they finally left, they advised him not to "make too much noise" about Es- peranto. The Esperanto movement did indeed develop noiseless but very ef- ficient methods for carrying on. • Esperanto broadcasts are numerous on the Brazilian radio. Every Satur- day, an Esperanto program is included in the "University Hour", which is broadcast by the Radio Station of the Ministry of Education. Every Thurs- day, the Station of the city of Rio de Janeiro features an Esperanto program, with Dr. Mario Ritter Nunes and Senhorita Maria da Luz Costa as the main collaborators. Several private radio stations at Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo and Pernambuco also use Esp- eranto. * The First Egyptian Esperanto Con- gress was held with great success at the Y.W.C.A. in Cairo, and preparations are under way for the Second Con- gress to be held at Alexandria. Local Esperanto organizations flourish in Cairo, Alexandria, Fayoum, and Port Said. Foreign guests present at the Cairo Congress included Esperantists from Great Britain, New Zealand, Poland, and Greece. In Western Australia, the Govern- ment Department of Education has given permission for Esperanto to be taught at the College of Technology, at Perth. Mr. David Miller is in charge of the Esperanto classes. * In Jerusalem, Sergeant Ross Robins of the New Zealand Army, went to a cafe" with two Esperantist friends— a Palestinian Jew and a Polish sol- dier. When a newsboy came to their table, the New Zealander bought the Palestine Post which is printed in English, the Palestinian took the He- brew Davar, and the Pole purchased the Gazeta Polska. Each one then set- tled down to his own newspaper. Sud- denly the Pole said: "I am reading here that Hitler has committed sui- cide". "Yes", the New Zealander re- plied, "and I see in my paper that a crowd of German generals has set up a new Government". "And what do you say about this", the Palestinian continued, "that some Germans ate again blaming the Jews for all this!" They were discussing the contents of newspapers printed in three widely different languages, but conversing in simple, easy-for-all, Esperanto. • Stamp collectors will long remem- ber the Tenth Brazilian Esperanto Congress, held at Rio de Janeiro from April 14 to 22, because the Brazilian Government issued two postage stamps with text in Esperanto to commemor- ate it. One shows the Esperanto star spreading its rays over the world, the other a portrait of Dr. L. L. Zamen- hof, author of Esperanto. The Brazil- ian Government issued stamps in Esperanto at several previous occa- sions. Postage stamps and/or official postal cards in Esperanto have also been issued by the Governments of the Soviet Union, Hungary, the Free City of Danzig, and the Principality of Liechtenstein. 83 AMERICAN ESPERANTIST G. Alan Connor, Editor 114 West 16th Street New York 11, N. Y. THE EDITOR'S DESK "ONE AUXITJARY LANGUAGE" Many accounts of the tremendous language problem at the United Na- tions Conference have come out of San Francisco. A particularly lucid description by John Metcalfe was printed in the Herald-Tribune, June 3, 1945. It was titled, "Biggest Trans- lation Task in History Burdens Par- ley; Many Words Cannot Be Ex- pressed in All Five Official Lan- guages; Russian Copies Are Made on Special Typewriters, Chinese in Long- hand." It goes on to say, "... the translation bureau of the secretariat did not fully realize the immensity of the undertaking until after its directors had arrived in San Fran- cisco. In part, this was owing to the conference decision to have not only English and French as official diplo- matic languages, but also Spanish, Russian and Chinese." In the con- cluding paragraphs it said, "Even the League of Nations never was confronted with so enormous a task." One, Delcevare King, of Quincy, Massachusetts, gives the answer in his "Letter to the Editor" which ap- peared in newspapers throughout the length and breadth of America. We reprint it from the San Francisco Examiner: "When Molotov spoke at the great conference, he spoke in Russian. Then a translator gave it in English. Then a translator gave it in French. Even thus, there were many delegates who could not under- stand. More and more we are becom- ing one world. More and more we need one language. We cannot change our mother tongue — we can have one auxiliary language — the easily learned Esperanto." Everywhere, the concept of "One World" is being advanced. President Truman in his Kansas City speech said, "I am anxious to bring home to you that the world is no longer county size, no longer state size, no longer nation size — it is one world, as Willkie said. It is a world in which we must all get along." The concept of "One World" composed of many interdependent nations, ab- solutely requires the concept of "One Auxiliary Language" — the easy, neutral interlanguage Esperanto — to serve the many national-language groups for general interchange. We must advance the concept of world- wide intercommunication by the practical application of the living in- terlanguage Esperanto, to the end that "one world" may speak with "one voice", on a neutral interlingual foundation. • MORE READERS FOR "AE" The American Esperantist is on sale in New York City at the fol- lowing addresses: Foreign News De- pot, Times Building, Times Square; Brentano's, 586 Fifth Avenue; and, Stechert's, 31 East 10th Street. Our readers can greatly aid the work for Esperanto by placing the American Esperantist in selected bookstores and newsstands in their home com- munities, and by securing subscrip- tions from their friends and acquaint- ances, at our low rate of one dollar for die year. Mr. Fritz Uhlig, one of our members, makes the timely sug- gestion that we organize a friendly contest among our readers to in- crease AE subscriptions. The progress of the campaign, with lists of active workers, would be printed in our magazine. We propose to arrange special quantity rates, to facilitate this placement in bookstores, news- stands, libraries, and the hands of the general public. Will you help? 84 The Esperanto Association of North America EXECUTIVE COMMTTEE Dr. Cecil Stockard, President, Joseph Leahy, Gen. Sec'y, Armin F. Doneis, Member AFTER TWELVE LONG YEARS To the Members of EANA: October, 1933, the Esperanto Association Central Office moved from Ft. Lee, N. J., to Washington, D. C From then until 1942 (when I entered war work) I have devoted my time — and money — to EANA. July, 1934, at the Toronto Congress, I was elected National Secretary (I did not want the office, but determined to do what I could with it for one term). Although regularly, before each Congress, I advised the election of a successor, I was always met with an opposing reply: "We need you for an- other term." As I came into this world shortly after the U. S. Civil War, I have always contended that the Association should have a younger secretary. Until recent- ly no one has indicated a desire for the secretarial "honors" — without pay, but with the privilege of paying some of the expenses from his own pocket. Since 1942 I have been trying to serve the EANA, after many hours of war work, and I feel that the poor service possible under the circumstances is un- fair to the members. I have been told many times that it was "physically im- possible for one half your age to do what you are doing even for a few weeks". However, a "few weeks" have stretched into a "few years", and now I have fully decided not to be a candidate for Secretary at the forthcoming election. — JOSEPH LEAHY PRESIDENT'S LETTER —EANA ELECTION To the Members of EANA: One of the duties of the Executive Committee is to perform the functions usually attended to at the annual congresses of EANA. Due to conditions now existing, there will be no congress this year. As the terms of all officials of EANA end the first week of July, the Executive Committee have decided to hold election by mail. In the absence of a Nominating Committee, we have selected the follow- ing candidates: President — Dr. Cecil Stockard, Bradenton, Florida; General Secretary — G. Alan Connor, New York, N. Y.; Assistant Secretary — Doris T. Connor, New York, N. Y.; Vice-President — Robert Karlson, Montreal, Canada; Treasurer — Eugene A. Knight, New York, N. Y.; Adviser (Kunestro) — Joseph Leahy, Washington, D. C. (A ballot is enclosed in this issue of AE. Other candidates may be written in.) Votes, by paid-up members, should be mailed to reach the Central Office, not later than August 15th, (except for those overseas). Mark your ballot and send to: Central Office of EANA, 1410 H. St., N. W., Washington 5, D. C. Signed for the Executive Committee: — CECIL STOCKARD, Chairman Executive Committee, 85 NEW LIFE IN THE E.A.N.A. It has often been said by Esperantists: "We need new life in the official staff of the EANA — and preferably some younger officials." Truly, so now let's get them. As no Congress will be held this year, and all official terms will expire, a Mail Vote is in order; and the Executive Committee, in absence of regularly organized committees, takes charge. After careful study of the membership for those having the requisite quali- fications for the various offices, the Committee has selected the following candi- dates, to be voted on: For President, Dr. Cecil Stockard of Bradenton, Fla. The Doctor is too well known for his long and faithful service to need elabora- tion of his merits. You all know him. For Vice-President, Mr. Robert Karlson, of Montreal, Vice-President and executive head of an important business. Though not so well known in the Eastern USA, his work for the Esperanto Movement is widely known in Cana- da, England and on the Pacific Coast, and his excellent publicity has resulted in many requests for information, and big sales of Esperanto literature. He is the man to give the Esperantists of the Canadian section of the Esperanto As- sociation of North America their "Place in the Sun". For Secretary, Mr. G. Alan Connor, now editor of the "American Esper- antist" is fully qualified in every way. In the past six years he has enlisted more new members than all others combined—also brought about renewals of more old members than any other. His purchases of Esperanto literature has been almost as much as all others combined. He has surrounded himself with a staff of first-class Esperantists—all very active in the movement the past few years. Since my advent to the office of Secretary, he is the only person, with the neces- sary qualifications, to indicate his willingness to serve as Secretary. I have had him in mind for several years, and it gave me thrills of pleasure and thank- fulness when he consented to 'take over' if elected. For Ass't Secretary, Mrs. Doris T. Connor, M. A., has been ably assisting Mr. Connor on the "AE" staff. She has been my best help during the past two years—even though 225 miles away. Mr. and Mrs. Connor are Cseh-Insti- tute (Holland) graduates, and first-class Cseh teachers. For National Treasurer, Mr. Eugene A. Knight of New York, whose busi- ness is banking. An enthusiastic worker in the Esperanto field for many years. He is well qualified for the position. For Kunestro (adviser), Joseph Leahy, Washington, D. C. I had decided to drop out entirely from official connection with EANA (after 12 long years), but the other candidates, as well as many outside the official family, seemed to think that my years of experience qualified me for something, and insisted that I come in. It has long been my idea that the Secretary, Ass't Secretary, and Treasurer be within easy reach of the Central Office for hurried consultations, and gen- eral co-operation, and my long experience with the personnel of EANA, I feel, qualifies me to know "Who's Who" for the official family. Now I have to get out of harness, and work for the Leahy family. Sincere thanks to all members for their co-operation through the years. — JOSEPH LEAHY S6 SAN-FRANCISKO KAJ ESPERANTO Helene Wolff-Kleve Redaktista noto: F-ino Wolff-Kleve estas Delegito de IEL en San-Francisko, kie si ageme laboras por Esperanto. Si estas elektita kiel Oficiala Reprezentamo de EANA ĉe la Konferenco. Kelkajn semajnojn antaŭ ol la Konferenco de Unuigitaj Nacioj por Internacia Organizo komen- ciĝis, mi sugestis ke EANA sendu delegiton el Los Angeles al la Konferenco. Post kelkaj intersan- ĝoj de leteroj, oni proponis ke mi akceptu la postenon. car la tem- po forflugis, mi akceptis por ke ni faru kiel eble plej multe. La 27-an de Aprilo mi ricevis leteron de S-ro Connor, kio sciigis al mi ke mi estas Reprezentanto de la "Amerika Esperantisto". Sed, tiu ne helpis tro multe, car oni devas havi ofkialan enirper- meson de la Departemento de Ŝtato por eĉ iri al la loko de la Konferenco. Ni ne sukcesis ricevi tiun permeson — ja miloj da aliaj organizoj petis kaj ne ricevis — sed estas kaj estos, mi opiniis, oportuno por alparoli al diversaj personoj, eminentuloj, ĵurnalistoj, k.t.p. Do, pere de la helpo de sufiĉe granda monsumo, donita de nia bonkora Prezidanto Stock- ard, mi kuraĝe komencis la la- boron! Jen estas kelkaj raportoj el mia "menuo" de laboro: Marie la 8-an de Majo: Ni ĉiuj, el la "Bay"-distriko, subskri- bis la petskribon de samideano Smith, kaj sendis ĝin kun letero al la Gvida Komitato. Ni petis ke ili konsideru la ideon de neŭ- trala interlingvo kaj respondu al ni pri la ebleco por intervjuo. Jaŭde la 10-an: Mi alportis le- teron al S-ino Hastings, Preziden- tino de la Asocio de Gepatroj kaj Geinstruistoj en Nord-Ameriko. La letero atentigis ŝin pri Esper- anto. Mi iris al du jurnaloj por enmeti anoncojn pri Esperanto. Mi pagis per la mono, kiun mi ricevis de la diversaj samideanoj. (Dankon)! Jus kiam mi eniris en la redaktejon mi hazarde ren- kontis la gravan koloniston Ches- ter Rowell. Mi donis al li la AE, kaj li promesis legi la unuajn du artikolojn! Vendreie la ll-an: Mi ĉeestis kun S-ro Smith kunvenon de Konferenc - partoprenantoj, kiuj havas specialan intereson pri kul- turaj problemoj. Kelkaj vortoj instigis min paroli dum la disku- to, kaj do, ili aŭdis pri Esperanto kiel kultura faktoro. Dimanĉe la 13-an: Hodiaŭ aperis mia anonco en la "Kro- niko de San-Francisko". La Pre- zidantino de la Mond-Civitano- G r u p o ("World Citizenship Group") telefonis al mi kaj in- vitis min al vespermanĝo de sia grupo. (La mango kostas $2.50. Bone ke mi havas monon!) Post la vespermanĝo (jes, mi ĉeestis) S-ro Atkinson faris resumon de la Konferenco, kaj poste mi kap- 87 88 AMERIKA ESPERANTISTO tis la okazon por danki lin kaj demandi lin kion li opinias pri Esperanto. "Ho, tio estas bona sonĝo, kiu efektiviĝos en la es- tonto." Mi donis al li la AE, kaj li promesis legi la du unuajn ar- tikolojn. Sed dum mi disdonis, du sinjorinoj diris, "Ho, Esper- anto ... mi petas, donu al mi ekzempleron!" (Intertempe multe da alparolo, vizitoj, k.t.p.) Merkrede la 30-an de Majo: Hodiaŭ la telefono sonis. Estis la sinjorino de la Traduko-Servo de la Konferenco. Si diris (antaŭ kelkaj tagoj mi demandis) ke es- tas unu sinjoro en la Servo, S-ro Sergei Mikhailov el la Rusa Sta- bo, kiu estas spertulo pri Esper- anto. Ŝi diris al mi la adreson, kaj duonhore poste mi jam al- venis ĉe la Hotelo, kie troviĝas la Rusa Oficejo. S-ro Mikhailov venis tuj je mi peto, kaj parolis dum duona horo. Li promesis al mi fari don eblan, se mi aranĝos diskut-vesperon, kaj kompreneble li ĝojus ankaŭ veni. Jaŭde la 31-an: Hodiaŭ mi ricevis de la oficejo de S-ro Stet- tinius dankon pro la sendo de ekzemplero de la AE. Dimanĉe la 10-an de Junto: Jen, estas la dua Dimanĉo dum kiu mi restaŝ hejme por skribado de leteroj. Antaŭ unu semajno mi invitis multajn delegitojn, la urbestron de San-Francisko, la Asocion de Pres-Asocioj, du jur- nalojn de San-Francisko, kaj kel- kajn aliajn organizojn, al prelego kiun mi faris en granda ĉambro ĉe la Domo de la Ruĝa Kruco. Venis nur 17 personoj kaj unu eta kato. (Mi estas certa ke la kato parolas "Bazan Anglan"!) Sed la atmosfero estis plejparte favora, kaj oni diris al mi ke mi estis tre klara en tio kion mi di- ris. Kelkaj el la Delegitoj diris antaŭe ke ili volas veni, do mi havas nun bonan kialon por de- mandi kial ili ne ĉeestis, kaj ĉu mi povas nun persone paroli kun ili. Kaj al du aŭ tri organizoj mi intencas telefoni, kaj se ili tre bedaurus ke ili ne povus veni, mi proponos ke mi volonte parolos antaŭ ili. Ni vidu kiu estas pli obstina, ĉu la San-Franciskanoj aŭ la Esperantistoj! La Konferenco baldaŭ finiĝos. Nia tasko nun estas kontakti la I.E.L. Delegitojn en ĉiu lando por ke ili ankaŭ skribu aŭ kontaktu siajn registarojn. Kelkfoje dum mia klopodado, mi havis la ideon ke mi tre bone laboris kaj inter- esigis multajn personojn. La in- vitoj al diversaj delegitaroj ja an- kaŭ atentigis ilin pri Esperanto. La urbestro skribis ke 'li treege bedaŭras, sed li ne havas tempon por veni'. Nu, iuokaze li ricevis la vorton Esperanto, eble por la unua fojo en sia vivo. Mi nun esperas iomete da sukceso por la lasta semajno de la Konferenco! MEMBERS & READERS: Many library subscriptions to AE expire with this issue. For effective Esperanto publicity renew your library subs. now. ESPERANTO EN AUSTRALIO Pastro Gabriel N. Pausback, O. Karm. Dum multaj monatoj La Tre Respektinda Pastro Gabriel N. Pausback, Orderto de Karmelitoj, jam dejoris en Australio. Tie, kiel ĉie kie li troviĝas, li helpas kaj partoprenas en la Esperanto- movado. Amerika Esperantisto ĝoje anoncas ke li koasentis esti Kuntedaktisto en nia stabo. Raporto pri la Esperanto-movado en Australio ne estas malagrabla tas- ko, speciale dum ĉi tiuj tagoj de granda interhelpo inter la du landoj. Kvankam la vasta lando Australio ne havas pli da enloĝantoj ol la urbo Nov-Jorko, tamen estas mirinde ke la Aŭstralianoj jam faris kaj ja faras tiom multe por la milito. Se miaj humilaj vortoj helpos nin pli bone koni kaj ŝati unu la alian, mi sentos min kontentega. Nu, pri miaj ĝuindaj vizitoj ĉe la Melburna E. Klubo — ĝuindaj, car, ekde la komenco ĉio iradis en manie- ro la plej eble kora. Unue, la letero de S-ro R. Rawson, delegito, belege respondis Esperante al mia demando. Poste telefonis al mi S-ro H. M. Co- hen, sekretario de la Klubo, insti- gante min al vizito ĉe la klubejo. Kiam mi fine povis ĉeesti, mi trovis multe da tre amikaj samideanoj, kiuj preskaŭ ĉiuj parolis Esperante. Oni tuj min faris honora membro dum mia restado en la urbo. La vespero pasis kun multa plezuro, malgraŭ mia malfacileco kompreni don, kaj diri rute tion kion mi volis. Facile oni komprenos, ke mi ĝojis pensi pri la gesamideanoj kiujn mi lasis en Nov- Jorko; tial, dum mia unua vizito, je la peto de la estroj, mi babilis pri la Nov-Jorkaj samideanoj kun korin- klino kaj entuziasmo. La seriozeco je d tiuj Merkredaj Esperanto-ves- peroj faris al mi grandan impreson. Estas alia bona kutimo ĉi tie: la "Rendevuo", kiu okazas je la lasta Vendredo dumonate, kaj havas kiel la solan regulon, 'Ni dam parolu Esperante!" En la unua de la rende- vuoj kiun mi povis ĉeesti, mi estis honorata legi skribadon pri temo mem-elektita. Prenante iom da ekzem- ploj de la "Rondo" (Oficiala Orga- no de la Australia Esperanto-Aso- cio), mi speciale elektis artikolon fa- voran al la eŭtenasio! Mi penis mon- tri ke oficiala organo de Esperantis- mo devas teni sin tute neŭtrala; pro tio, ke dum du Esperantisto volas helpi laŭ sia ebleco la Esperantan movadon, li ne volas — kaj iufoje ne povas morale — antaŭenpuŝi la pensadon kaj movadon de du kun- Esperantisto. La eŭtenasio, ekzemple, estas kontraŭ la penson kaj eĉ la mem-konsciencon de du Katolika Es- perantisto; car, laŭ nia kredo, la eŭ- tenasio estas, estis, kaj estos dam simple murdo. Ni ne povas ŝati tiajn temojn en "niaj" gazetoj! ... La vespero estis vive interesa! Bedaŭrin- de, mia laboro min fortenis el aliaj tiaj rendevuoj. Tre plezuriga kunveno estis ankaŭ la festvespero je la naskiĝa datreveno de D-ro Zamenhof, kiam mi, kiel vizitanto de Usono, havis la honoron ĉeesti kiel gasto. Alia honorita gasto estis F-ino Tilly Aston, tre bone ko- nata samideanino, poetino, kaj blin- dulino, kiu efike uzadis Esperanton por interŝanĝi internacie ideojn kaj planojn por helpi al la kun-blindu- loj. Ni ĝuis la programon — kura- ĝigaj raportoj, kantado kaj muziko, gratuloj al atestogajnintoj, babilado inter ĉiuj, kaj (neeviteble en Austra- lio) "prenante teon". Ree rigardante, mi vidas ke tiu vespero donis al mi novan spiriton Esperantan; estis vere kuraĝiga povi miksiĝi tiel libere kun alilandanoj antaŭe ne konataj, kaj 89 90 AMERIKA ESPERANTISTO inter ili ne nur Aŭstralianoj! La Es- peranto-movado estas pli, tre multe pli, ol simple lingvo-disvastigo; ĝi ja estas propagando de paco kaj bon- volo inter la homaro, aŭ pli bone, inter la frataro de Kristo. Estas aparte memorinda, inter la okazintajoj, la apero de lajarlibro de la Australia Esperanto-Asocio, N-ro 3, 1944. Kvankam mimeografita, ĝi min faras iom envia, kiam mi ne povas memori pri io simila en Uso- no. Ci estas certe granda propagan- dilo inter la membraro Australia. Inter la enhavoj estas: la tuta Statu to de la Asocio; raportoj pri "La Ron- do" (oficiala organo); traduk-kon- kursoj; korespond-kursoj; kaj pri la Delegito-Servo de IEL Ĝi sciigas an- kaŭ pri la Libro-Servo, la Propaganda Fako, kaj la ekzameno-reguloj de BEA (kio ankaŭ validas je AEA). Sekvas kontoj de la Ĝenerala Kaso, Listo de Diplomitoj (57), kaj fine la Adresaro de proksimume 350 membroj (4 el kiuj loĝas en Fi- ĝio). Kompreneble, enestas plue pa- roladoj de la estroj de la Asocio — vortoj de kuraĝigo kaj espero. Vivu kaj kresku tiaj laboroj! ESPERANTO EN BELGUJO D-ro Fernand Roose La Esperanto-grupo "Paco kaj Ju- steco" en Brugge, sekcio de Flandra Ligo Esperantista, daŭrigis disvastigi Esperanton kaj la ideojn de la Es- peranto-movado dum la tuta tempo de la germana okupado. Ni eĉ eldo- nis "subtere" multobligitan jurnalon, kiu estis ĉiam, mi kuraĝas diri, tre interesa. Ni klopodis konstrui ideolo- gion de la Esperanto-movado. Ni ler- nis, por tiel diri, pensi kaj vivi inter- nacie. Ni pliprofundigis nian konon de la persono de D-ro Zamenhof. Artikoloj pritraktis arton, historion, filozofon, ktp. Ni povis fari ĉion ĉi car ni havis kun ni kelkajn junajn studentojn idealistajn, kiuj estis kon- vinkitaj Esperantistoj. Nia grupo konsistis el proksimume dudek geju- nuloj. Bedaŭrinde niaj du plej bonaj propagandistoj estis devigitaj foriri al Germanujo por sklava laborado en 1942 kaj 1943. Ja ne estis eble por ĉiuj forkuri de tio, kaj en tiu tempo mi ankoraŭ ne havis la eblecon kaŝi kaj manĝigi ilin. Mi povis tion fari pli malfrue por aliaj. Nun en Belgujo la Flandra Unuiĝo de Katolikaj Esperantistoj kaj la alia el la du belgaj organizoj Flandra Ligo Esperantista jam reko- mencis sian agadon. Mi ankoraŭ ne vidis vivsignojn de aliaj grupoj. Saj- nas al mi ke la organiza problemo estos denove sufiĉe malfacila. Mi sen- dos al vi kelkajn ekzemplerojn de nia revuo. Mi legis kun la plej granda intereso la eltranĉajojn el "Amerika Esperantisto", kaj mi volonte kunla- boros en tiu jurnalo. SENDU LA NOVAĴON: Se via klubo deziras mention, ni petas ke la se- kretario aŭ alia reprezentanto sendu raporton al "AE". Ni deziras presi la no- vajon pri ĉiu grupo kaj kunveno. Skribu koncize (prefere skribmaŝine) sur paper on 8% x 11. Lasu spacojn inter la linioj. Sed sendu. RAPORTOJ DE SOLDATOJ EN LA ARMEO AMIKOJ EN CINUJO PER ESPERANTO Serĝento Harold Schroeppel Post longa vojaĝo tra Nord-Afriko, Hindujo kaj trans la montojn "Hima- lajo" mi alvenis al la urbo Kunming, Cinujo. Pasis kvar monatoj antaŭ ol mi trovis Esperanton en cinujo, kaj dam pere de novaĵo pri ĝi en la "Amerika Esperantisto"! Mi skribis tuj al la "Heroldo de ĉinio" kaj oni prezentis min al S-ro Cang-Ĉen-Ciu, kiu laboras en la ofi- cejo de la "War Area Service Com- mand". Li gentile akceptis min kaj prezentis min al S-ro Li-San-Bin, juna fraŭlo, kiu instruas Esperanto-klason txi vesperojn semajne, kaj nuntempe ankaŭ klason ĉe la Universitato. Tuj komenciĝis interesaj spertoj kune kun la Cinaj Esperantistoj: piknikoj, ves- permanĝoj en la urbo, kaj ekskursoj. Plej ĝuinde estis ekskurso per "Sam- pan"-boato al la templo "Dah-Lee- Ĉun" kune kun la nove formita "Kun- ming-Esperanto-Rondo, vespermanĝo en tre ĉarma restoracio (kie mi penis pagi la kalkulon kaj S-ro Li kaptis miajn manojn dum S-ro Cang pagis), kaj "Zamenhof-Vespero" kie S-ro Li kaj mi kantis duope la himnon "L'Es- pero". Nek li nek mi kantis tro bone, sed ni multe amuziĝis! (lam mi in- tencas lerni tiun himnon!) Poste la grupo kantis ĉinajn kantojn. Mi restis en Cinujo unu jaron. Mi tralegis kvin-jaran kolekton de la "Heroldo de Ginio" por ke mi lernu ion pri la Ĉina popolo. Mi tre ŝatas la ĉinojn; ili estas tre ĝentilaj kaj ha- vas mirindan kapablon por humoro. Esperanto estis por mi vera ŝlosilo al la koroj de la Cinaj Esperantistoj. SIGNOJ DE REVIVECO EN ITALUJC) Kaporalo David Jagerman La itala movado antaŭmilita estis sufiĉe antaŭenpelita, por ke ĝi estu konsiderata grava. La "Federazione Esperantista Itali- ana", malforte kunligita konfederacio de lokaj grupoj, eldonis sian oficialan gramatikon "Manuale Pratico D'Es- peranto In 12 Lezioni". Gi gvidis mul- tajn komencajn kaj daŭrigajn kursojn en gravaj institutoj kaj universitatoj. En suda Italujo, oni eldonis la jurna- lon "Corriere Balcanico-Esperantista". Entute la movado progresadis kon- tentige. Je la povogajno de Mussolini, oni rigardis la verdstelo-portantojn malfa- vore, finfine ĝis tia grado ke ĉiu Es- perantisto ankoraŭ portanta la verdan stelon riskis perdi sian oficon. Kom- preneble sub tiaj kondiĉoj la movado devis subteriĝi, La kursoj finiĝis. La belaj, altkvalitaj, literaturaj jurnaloj ĉesis eldoniĝi; sed la movado ne mor- tis. Gi ankoraŭ vivetis. Nun kun la detruo de la reĝimo de Mussolini kaj la enkonduko de liberi- gaj trupoj de Usono, Anglujo, kaj Rusujo, oni spiras multe pli libere; denove oni povas vidi la ekbrilon de la verda stelo. Jam en Bari kaj Taran- to, grandaj havenurboj, komenciĝis regulaj kursoj por la ellernado de Es- 91 RAPORTOJ DE SOLDATOJ EN LA ARMEO peranto. Unu kurso daŭros unu jaron en la universitato de Bari, alia daŭros du jarojn en la Instituto de Alilandaj Lingvoj de Taranto. La plej grava li- brotenejo por Esperanto "San Vita di Tagliamento" funkcias denove per la tuta Italujo. Tiuj ĉi signoj de reviveco donu al ni esperon kaj forton por ankoraŭ pli forte laboradi por antaŭenpuŝi la mo- vadon en niaj propraj landoj, kaj ili aplaŭdigu nin por tiuj sindonaj sami- deanoj kiuj, dum la plej nigra kaj pre- miga tempo de sia lando, ankoraŭ te- nadis viva la ĝermon de la Esperan- tismo. ESPERANTO DENOVE FLORAS EN FRANCUJO Leŭtenanto CHARLES E. SlMON Kelkajn tagojn post mia alveno en Parizo, malfrue en la monato Septem- bro, mi min dediĉis al la serĉo por la konataj samideanoj de la franca ĉef- urbo. Mi komencis kompreneble per la ĉefo de la mtmonda Esperanto-mo- vado, Intendanto-Generalo Louis Bas- tien, prezidanto de IEL. Telefonalvoko atingis lin rapide, kaj kelkminuta kon- versacio certigis al mi ke li ankoraŭ estis bonsana kaj vigle laboris kiel an- taŭe por la plivastigo de Esperanto. Li invitis min veni al li, kaj tie mi renkontis kelkajn konatulojn de la franca samideanaro. Mi vizitis ankaŭ la sidejon de la SFPE, en la strato Chabrol, kie dum la tuta okupado la gesamideanoj ren- kontiĝis dufoje semajne. Tie mi trovis veran centron de agado — klaso de komencantoj, kaj multaj novaj Es- perantistoj — ili ĉiuj fine povis kon- taktiĝi malkaŝe kun aliaj gesamidea- noj, kaj por ili estis kortuŝa sperto li- bere interparoli kun aliaj Esperantis- toj, francaj kaj eksterlandaj. La 5-an de Novembro, okazis la fes- to de la Liberiĝo, en la sidejo de SFPE. Partoprenis ĉiuj eminentuloj de la franca movado. Aperis tiun feliĉan tagon la unua liberiĝa numero de Franca Esperantisto. Estis tre agrabla arta programo, kun belaj kantoj, de- klamoj kaj paroladetoj, kiuj tre bone ŝpeguligis la ĝojon de la liberigitaj gesamideanoj. Iom post iom la reorganizado de la francaj asocioj, lokaj kaj federaciaj, realiĝis. Esperanto-klasoj floris. Kune kun F-ino Huguette Royer, mi estis invitita fari Cseh-Kurson en la fama Amfiteatro de Geologic Post iomete da propagando en civilaj kaj militaj rondoj, ni faris la unuan provlecionon, la 6-an de Februaro. Ci estis bone ĉeestata kaj de francoj kaj de usonaj oficiroj kaj soldatoj. Nia celo estis unuigi grupon de francoj kun unuj soldatoj de la diversaj militaj oficejoj diversnaciaj en Parizo, kiuj ne parolis france, kaj ebligi al arnbaŭ grupoj ler- ni interparoli per facila Esperanto. La 11-an de Marto, la unua federa- cia koferenco de la franca Esperant- istaro okazis en Parizo. Sed tio estis nur antaŭ ĝuo por la unua postoku- pada tutlanda kongreso, kiu okazos en la Sorbonne, la 1-an kaj 2-an de Aprilo. Tiam ili faros planojn por la post-milita periodo. Ne povas esti ia dubo ke la franca samideanaro daŭri- gos fari sian altvaloran kontribuon al nia tutmonda movado. Honoro al niaj kuraĝaj kaj fidelaj francaj gesamide- anoj, la unuaj liberigitaj Esperant- istoj de Eŭropo! 92 RAPORTOJ DE SOLDATOJ EN LA ARMEO INTERVJUO KUN GERMANA ESPERANTISTINO Soldato D. B. Richardson Tauberbiscbofskeim, Germany. — ĉi tie oni permesas, ke Usonaj solda- toj parolu kun Germanoj nur kiam estas "laŭ neceso de aferoj". Konver- sacio, aŭ vizitoj ĉe hejmoj, estas in- tence malpetmesataj. Sed kiam mi aŭ- dis de kunulo ke li hazarde renkontis Esperantistinon nur kvin mejlojn for, mi tuj decidis paroli kun ŝi, por lerni kiel fartis 'Nia Afero' dum la jaroj de Hitler-regado. Do, kiel aranĝi la kontakton? Kaj tiam mi memoris: Ĉu mi ja ne estas "eksterlanda raportisto" por Amerika Esperantisto? (S-ro Con- nor sugestis ke mi sendu raportojn.) Ne sciante ĉu tiu fakto kontentigos la aŭtoritatojn tiel facile kiel mian konsciencon, mi konvinkis kunulon preni "jeep"-on kaj min veturigi la kvin mejlojn. Mia intervjuotino, kies nomo mi ne mencios, aperis ĉe la urba gastdomo responde al mia peto, en laŭmoda vestaĵo kaj kun kelkaj Esperantolibroj sub la brako. Dum jaroj, ŝi klarigis, pro la posruloj de la milita tempo ŝi parolis neniun vorton en Esperanto, kaj ŝia parolo estis haltema, tamen facile komprenata. Mi esperis trovi almenaŭ unu germanon kiu restis fi- dela; kiu travidis la Hitler-instruojn. Sed mi seniluziiĝis. Al la demando, "Kiam vi lernis Esperanton?", ŝi res- pondis, "Estis en 1938." Mi demandis, "Kaj kiam oni malpermesis Esperan- ton en Germanujo?" La respondo: "En 1935, proksimume." Mi surprizi- ĝis; ĉu ŝi do lernis sekrete? Ne, tute ne. Mi eltrovis ke nur kunvenoj, kla- soj, publikaj reklamoj, ktp, estis mal- permesataj. Libroj ne plu estis pre- sataj, sed ŝi trovis lernolibrojn, lego- librojn, kaj vortaron, sen ia malfaci- laĵo. Kaj neniu ĝenis ŝin pro tio ke ŝi estis Esperantistino. Kial ŝi lernis Esperanton? Nu, ŝi es- tis malsana unufoje kaj havis nenion alian por pasigi la tempon. Si jam lernis la francan, italan, kaj latinan lingvojn, kaj Esperanto ŝajnis facila. Foje ŝi parolis kun kelkaj holandanoj, jus antaŭ la milito ŝajne. Post kelke da tempo, ŝi komencis paroli pri po- litiko. Tiam mi entute seniluziiĝis. Estis klare, ke ŝi estas nur plia ano de la Nazi-partio; ke ŝi same kiel la aliaj, tiom multe endoktriniĝis je la distordita germana pensmaniero, ke ni ne trovos helpon de ŝiaj tipuloj por resanigi la landon. Mi provis rektan demandon: "Ĉu vi ne kredas ke la paco estas pli bona ol milito?" Post ioma hezito venis la respondo, vide- ble gardita: "Je-es, sed ne estas bone kapituli!" Mi iris de la intervjuo kun unu konkludo: Se eĉ Esperantisto povas konservi malamon, kredi je la absur- daj ideoj de la lastatempa Hitlera Ger- manujo, kaj iĝi ja militama — do neniu povas kredi ke ni estos gajninta la paeon ĝis tiam kiam la lando (kaj iiu en ĝi) refandiĝos laŭ la postuloj de la pacamaj popoloj de la mondo. GAZETOJ RICEVITAJ: Interna Bulteno, Apr-Jun '45, Palestino. La Ver- da Flamo, 1-a n-ro '45, Maroko. Per Unu Voĉo, Apr '45, Sud-Afriko. La T.J.O.- Bulteno, Maj-Jun '45, Tutmonda Junular-Orgaqizo. Heroldo de Ĉinio, Okt '44, British Esperantist, Maj-Jun '45. Argentina Esperantisto, Jul-Okt '44. Renovigo, Maj '45, Meksiko. Pernambuco Esperantista, Okt-Dec '44. Irlando Vokas, Jun '45. 0 Brasil Esperantista, Okt-Dec '44. Esperanto Interrtacia, Mar-Apr '45. 9a FACILA LEGADO POR LA KOMENCANTO MIA HUNDO DlANTO ChOMETTE Trc juna verkisto estas Dianto Chomette. Si estas 13-jara filino de Germaine kaj Charles Chomette en Los Angeles. Si havas fratinon Ulio, kiu ankaŭ estas Esperantistineto. Tra la tuta mondo oni konas la familion Chomette kiel veran Esperanto-Familion. La jena rakonteto estas originala Esperanta verketo de Dianto. Mi havas hundon kiun mi no- mas "Amiko". Li estas fos-hundo, kaj baldaŭ estos bona gard-hun- do. Li estas preskaŭ tute blanka escepte de tri nigraj makuloj sur lia dorso. Lia kapo estas nigra kaj bruna. De kiam mi ricevis lin, mi pa- rolis al li en Esperanto. Li kom- prenas ĉion kion mi diras al li, kvankam li ne ĉiam obeas. Kiam ni eniras en la aŭtomobilon, li ĉiam estas la unua por eniri. Li tre ŝatas rigardi tra la fenestro apud mia patrino. En la mateno kiam ni leviĝas, li estas tre ĝoja vidi nin, kaj sal- tas tre alte. Li scias kie lia} bisk- vitoj estas, kaj kiam ni mencias ilin, li saltas apud la skatolo. Unu el liaj plej valoraj poseda- ĵoj estas malnova pantoflo kiun ni donis al li. Li ŝatas skuadi ĝin tre forte. Post ĉiu mango li volas sidi sur la genuoj de unu mem- bro de nia familio. Post la ves- permanĝo li estas tre kvieta kaj dormema, kaj volas dormi apud la persono kiu faras plej komfor- tan kusenon por li, kaj li ŝatas tuŝi iun dum li dormas. Unu el liaj preferataj pastem- poj estas ludi pilkon kun mia fra- tino Lilio kaj mi mem. Alia estas tre granda ĝojo por li, tio estas forkuri por ke ni kaptu lin. Li estas tiom rapida kaj ruza ke ne- niu povas kapti lin. Ni tre amas nian hundon "Amiko", kaj es- peras ke li vivos longe. Friendly Tips for Students: 1. Here it is again! The little word jen\ Remember? It was used last time as an exclamation to "point out" or to "draw attention to". In its adjectival form, jena, it does the same thing: La jena rakonteto . . . (The following little story . . .). 2. Today's Special: In Esperanto, when a title or other similar word in the accusative case (with the -n) is found before a proper name, the proper name is in the nominative case (without the -n) if the word nomatan (named) is expressed or understood. Examples: $i havas fratinon Lilio. (She has a sister named Lily.) Oni konas la familion Chomette. (. . . named Chomette.) Ni tre amas nian hundon "Amiko". (We greatly love our dog named "Friend".) — Other examples: Mi preferas la lingvon Esp- eranto, la Doktoron Harris, la urbon Stokholmo, k.t.p. 94 ESPERANTO-KRONIKO Novaĵo el Hindujo sciigas nin ke Edgar .Simon de Klevlando fariĝis antaŭ nelonge Kapitano en la Usona Armeo. Gratulon! V-letero de Serĝento Kenneth An- derson informas nin ke li estas "ie en la Pacifiko" kaj jam riceVis kel- kajn numerojn de AE. En Lakoto, Nord-Dakoto, S-ino Andrew L Freeman pasigis semajn- finon de libertempo, kaj antaŭ ol ŝi forlasis, jam iniciatis Espo-klason. Nova Esperanto-Kurso komenciĝis en Nov-Jorko ĉe la ILGWU-Domo. F-ino Agnes Cervello aranĝis la kur- son, kaj Ralph Bonesper estas la in- struisto. Jam registris 20 personoj. Intervjuo pri Esperanto ĉe Stacio WEEI en Bostono, okazis Vendrede la 15-an de Junio. Oni intervjuis F-inon Orloff, kiu klarigis pri sia intereso en Esperanto kaj pri Esper- anto tra la tuta mondo. Esperanto ĉe la YMCA en Klev- lando, Ohio. Profesoro Frank Tomich de Fenn-Kolegio parolis antaŭ grupo de junuloj, la "Gra-Y" grupo, pri Esperanto kiel lingvo necesa por in- terkomunikado inter ĉiuj nacioj. Restarigo de la Esperanto-Klubo de Seattle estas la klopodo de S-ro Byron Ela, Pastro Shorter kaj S-ro W. G. Adams. S-ro Ela estas la pre- zidanto, kaj la Klubo kunvenas ĉe la preĝejo de Pastro Shorter. Letero de la Prezidanto aperas ne nur en AE, sed ankaŭ en la "Tampa Tribune", de Tampo, Florido. Prezi- danto D-ro Stockard skribis pri Uni- versala Lingvo kaj Esperanto, respon- dante al letero de S-ro H. P. Ayres pri la problemo. Depost tiu tempo, D-ro Stockard jam ricevis kelkajn petojn pri Esperanto, kaj S-ro Ayers nun studas Esperanton kaj jam aliĝis al EANA. Bona laboro! El suferanta Grekujo venis letero al S-ro W. Vathis de la konata Es- peranto-pioniro Anecreon Stamatia- des. Ni ĝojas audi ke S-ro Stamatia- des ankoraŭ vivas kaj laboras por Esperanto. Esperantista Paro, kiuj profesie pentras bird-bildojn kaj paroladas pri la "Belaj, Unikaj Birdoj de Ameri- ko", estas Joy Postle Blackstone kaj Robert Blackstone. Hi loĝas en Flor- ido, sed vagadas ankaŭ tra la tuta Usono pro sia interesa laboro. En la Esperanto-Societo de Detroit, D-ro Solzbacher, kunredaktoro de AE, faris fa 29an de Majo parolade- ton pri la lingva problemo en inter- naciaj kongresoj kaj konferencoj. La kunveno okazis en la hejmo de Ge- sinjoroj R. Davis. John P. Robertson, Usona Esper- antisto, kiu restis en Svisujo ekde la komenco de la milito, skribis ke li partoprenis multajn konferencojn kaj ekskursojn kune kun Svisaj Esper- antistoj. Li sendas salutojn al siaj amikoj en Usono. En la jurnalo "Danubian Review", aperis diversaj artikoloj pri Esper- anto. La unua estis verkita de la re- daktisto, D-ro George Strem. La aliaj estis represitaj de AE: "Esperanto en Jugoslavio" kaj "La Lingvo-Problemo en Post-Milita Planado". 'Esperanto en tri lecionoj' estas la nova moto de S-ro Robert Alberg de Lynn, Masaĉuseto. Li gvidis tiun "kurson" ĉe Phillips Brooks House, Harvard-Universitato, Majo la loan, 23an kaj 3Ian. Ceestis lingvo-studen- toj. La tri lecionoj konsistis el: (1) La tuta gramatiko (krom la kunme- titaj verboj); (2) Ekzercado de la gramatiko; (3) Legado, tradukado. (Hi sukcese legis la gazeton "Prak- tiko" de la Cseh-Instituto.) Subleŭ- tenanto Joseph Gamble kunhelpis. 95 96 AMERIKA ESPERANTISTO Esperanto Publicity Fund In our issue of March-April 1945, we launched an appeal for support of Publicity for Esperanto at this crucial time. Thanks to several new and old friends we were able to start that fund with $70 on hand. Since that time we have received a good many other donations. The sum is not yet too impressive, but we wish to thank all those who have so generously contributed, and to re- mind others that their little bit will help, too! The following contribu- tions received bring the fund to a grand total of $211: Dr. Cecil Stock- ard, $95; T/4 Francis H. Sumner, $10; J. H. Murray, $4; Hal Ewen, $2; C. M. Price, $1; Robert Karlson, $5; Capt. J. W. Wood, $1. The Publicity Fund activities to date: Over 300 copies of March- April 1945 AE, sent with letters to all the U. S. Delegates to the San Francisco Conference, and to leaders of Organizations interested in Inter- national Affairs; 300 copies of May- June 1945 AE, with letters to educa- tors and linguists in the U. S. Remember that this work is a long- range publicity effort, and we may expect to reap further benefits in good-will and knowledge of Esper- anto after the follow-up. Several im- mediate results are: four member- ships to EANA, two subscriptions to AE from University Professors, and a letter from the Camp Fire Girls of America asking Dr. Stockard to write, in Esperanto, a message on World Friendship to be read to the girls during camp this summer. Our next step will be the placing of ads in newspapers throughout the coun- try to acquire new members and stu- dents of Esperanto. Complete state- ment of donations and expenditures will be printed in the Fall. Send your donation. DEZIRAS KORESPONDI Anoncetoj pri korespondado el Usona kaj Kanado kostas 25 cendojn por 4 linioj. El aliaj landoj, de kie estas nun malfacile sendi monon, AE akceptas anoncojn sen- page. La redaktisto rezervas al si la rajton fini tiun privilegion je iu tempo. Svedujo. S-ro Einar Adamson, re- daktoro, Vaermlandsgatan 18, Goete- borg, dez kor. pri ĉiuj temoj kaj inters. PM, gazetojn, librojn. Ankaŭ serĉas kor. por siaj kursanoj. ĉinujo, S-ro Li-Ŝan-Bin, 13 Gwang Hwa St., Kunming, Yonnan, 23-j- fraŭlo dez. kor. kun ĉiuj landoj. ĉinujo. S-ro Ĉang-Ĉen-Ĉiu, 1 Li Zen Han, Ching Nong St., Kunming, Yonnan, 30-j. dez. kor. Francujo. M. Jeanne Dedieu, Pro- fesoro, 23 rue Victor Hugo, Prades, Pyr. Or., estas estro de la Franca Ko- respond-Servo, kaj dez. nomojn de personoj kiuj dez. kor. kun francaj samideanoj. Priskribu iom viajn inter- esojn kaj detalojn pri vi mem. Francujo. S-ro Adrien Boucheras, 6 rue d'Alger, Thiers, Puy de Dome, dez. kor. kun Esp-istoj en Kanado, Meksiko, Kubo, Usono, k.t.p. Palestino. S-ro Y. Armoni, 72 Ar- losoroff St., Haifa, dez. kor. Usono. S-ro Wm. Knox, Circle Pines Center, Cloverdale, Michigan, dez. inters, informon pri popolaj ko- legioj, kooperaj societoj kaj komu- numoj en ĉiuj landoj. Belgujo. D-ro Fernand Roose, pro- fesoro, J. & M. Sabbestraat 12, Brug- ge, dez. kor. pri historio, geografio, internaciaj problemoj, religioj. Belgujo. F-ino Henriette De Kers- gieter, J. & M. Sabbestraat 12, Brug- ge, kun kuracistoj kaj flegistinoj, pri akuŝado. Belgujo, F.ino Marie-Therese Roo- se, Guido Gezellelaan 15, Brugge, kun fraŭloj kaj fraŭlinoj. ESPERANTO BOOKS Uncertain transportation makes it difficult to get books from Europe or South America, and our orders are filled in small lots. If your order is not filled within 48 hours, it is because we are waiting for shipments. PRACTICAL GRAMMAR OF ESPERANTO, Ivy KeUerman-Reed. A favorite all over the world for many years. For class or self-instruction .75c ESPERANTO HOME STUDENT, by James Robbie. Splendid for class or self- study. Pocket size and a favorite with the service men in camps .25e PRACTICAL ESPERANTO, by Wm. S. Benson. For self-instruction. It is unique with its 650 illustrations .25c UNIVERSALA ESPERANTO METODO, by Dr. Wm. S. Benson. This book is a wonder. "The only book of its kind in the world." 11,000 pictures. Two full- page tables of the pronunciation of the Esperanto alphabet in 36 languages. Correlatives in 35 languages. Complete index. 555 pages 13.50 AMERICAN POCKET DICTIONARY, by Carl Froding. 80 pages of Esperanto- English and English-Esperanto. An indispensible little pocket companion .30c ESTU PRETA, by George J. Falgier. A splendid key, with grammar, and con- siderable fundamental teaching ,10c "LA ESPERO," Esperanto Song. Words and Music. Double sheet 8x11. Every Esperantist should have it. Sung at all Esperanto meetings .15c or 2 for .25c "LA VOJO." Esperanto Song. Single sheet. With translation. .10c or 3 for .25c EDINBURGH DICTIONARY. A world favorite. English-Esperanto and Espe- ranto-English. 288 pages $1.00 STEP BY STEP IN ESPERANTO, by M. C. Butler. One of the world's best. Paper covers .75c MILLIDGE ESPERANTO-ENGLISH DICTIONARY. Latest edition, 1945. $3.50 STARS. No more of the metal stars, advertised in some text-books, due to priorities. INDIAN BEAD STARS, white bead background with green star in center .45c HOME STUDENT RECORDS—made in Europe. No more available. "LIFE OF ZAMENHOF" (English) $1.00. "VIVO DE ZAMENHOF" (Esperanto) $1.25 "ESPERANTO INTERNACIA", by Ann E. Beatty. Over 300 hymns, original Esperanto and translations of well-known English hymns .45c YOUR MEMBERSHIP IN E. A. N. A. VVTLE BE APPRECIATED Membership, with "American Esperantist". $2.00 per year. And if you also wish membership in the International Esperanto League, with the Jarlibro (Yearbook Encyclopedia of Esperanto Activities), $3.00. For the "Esperanto Internacia" (all-Esperanto official organ of I. E. L.) add $1.00 to either of these memberships. Total for all above, $4.00. I.................................................. Date.................. apply for membership in the Esperanto Association of North America, and enclose subscription (indicate class and amount) ........r............................... ESPERANTO ASSOCIATION OF NORTH AMERICA 1410 H St., N. W., Washington, 5, D. C. Regarding international conferences. Dr. Edrnond Privat observes as follows: "Comparing conferences where only Esperanto was used, with others hindered by unceasing translations or misunderstandings (like San Francisco), the difference impresses one profound- ly. In multilingual conferences the languages of the great powers always dominate. The rest often stutter uneasily, speak with errors and in a depressive man- ner, in foreign tongues. They always fear they will offend or create laughter, among those whose mother tongue they unwittingly distort." "From a psychological viewpoint, fear still further hampers and embarrasses them. Instead of thinldng about their subject, they must constantly be careful to avoid error, find a word, ask themselves whether the moon is masculine and the sun feminine, whether the verb is regular or irregular, etc. Fear is the ene- my of fluency and clarity. It causes embarrassment, repetition, delay and confusion. If one wishes more assurance, and reads the manuscript, the audience grows weary." "The most important advantage of Esperanto was that it eliminated the 'psychological barrier'. Each delegate, even from the least known language-group or the smallest nation, felt himself equal with the rest, because for no one of them was Esperanto a mother tongue. They did not fear error! That was the secret And for that reason the whole cdfair progressed ad- mirably, as though in a national one-language con- vention." H. G. Publishing Co.