- AMERIKA A AMERICAN ESPERANTISTO _ /\_ E5PERANTIST La Monata Bulteno de la Esperanto X. E* /The Monthly Bulle4'n of The Esperanto Asocia de Norda Ameriko \ [_ \ Association ot North America Joseph R. Scherer, President /x^^NA James F. Morton, Vice-President Los Angeles, California. Joseph Leahy Gen ^ec Paterson, N. J. Centra Oficejo - 1517 H Street! N. W..'Washington, D. C - Centraljĵffice ]Ll7-:p_l§.-JOj-_i-^. - I^.Pjr, SMI ■ J-___„JlLJĴ&--^IL-year r - ■JLRkaiarxJdlAlQ •■• -^ 3 6 , -g£cth__JI\ĴJUAL CyjQffS___E^-iu-tL^A,_____^_____1—9. 5 fi_ VORTOJ DE LA PREZIDANTO KIOM SAGAS NI ESTAS? Antau kelkaj jaroj, okaze de mia mondvojago, mi ie vizitis fren- ezulejon. Mi miris ke nur malmultaj helpantoj tenis ordon en la granda institucio en kiu troviĝis multaj dajageraj enlogbantoj» Mi esprimis mian miron al la direktoro. Sed li klarigis al mi; "La frenezuloj ne or- ganizas sin. Hi ne sin grupigas por komuna atako. Se unu atakas la aliaj preskavl* ciam restas indiferentaj. Hi tute ne komprenas ke oni devas agi kune, se oni volas atingi celon." /\ A-. . , .,..., . , A Poste venis al mi la jenaj demandoj; Cu ciuj homoj kiuj sin konsideras sagaj kompren- as ke oni devas sin organizi se oni volas atingi celon? Cu ciuj Esperantistoj kom- prenas ke nur per komuna laboro - per komuna atako ni venkos la mondon? Se regas organiza indiferenteco inter la Esperantistoj, kiel ni povas esperi konkeri ec pli in- dif erentan mondon? Cu ni volas agi kiel la frenezuloj? Kiam iuj fervoraj samideanoj oferas sian tempon kaj energion - cu aliaj inter ni volas agi kiel la mense malfeliĉaj homoj, kaj resti indiferentaj? Kiam vi iam pli poste trovos bonan okazon por enkond- uki Esperanton en iun lernejon cu vi volos konvinki la lernejestron tute sole, atf kun la helpo (konsiloj kaj prestigo) de forta nacia au loka organize? Se vi konas gesamideanojn kiuj gis nun ne estas membroj de E» A, N. A. cu vi ne bonvo- lus rakonti al ili kiel agas la frenezuloj kiel gin al mi klarigis la direktoro. Es- pereble ili komprenos la neceson kaj sagecon sin organizi, kaj espereble ili farigos membroj kaj fidelaj kunlaborantoj de E. A. N. A. rf JcAlMA/ Joseph R. Scherer. X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X* NIA PREZIDANTO Jozefo R. Scherer nun vojagas tra Kalifornio, suden kaj norden kaj zigzige kaj donas multajn paroladojn die en la "Ora Stato". En Los Angeles Esperanta Klubo li estis la eefa oratoro ce la januara kunveno. x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x* THE AMERICAN ESPERANTO ACADEMY Last month we gave a short sketch of this newly organized group of Esperanto scholars, and published the working plans of its "Committee on Approval." The work plans for its "Criticism Committee" are given below. All of our readers who may think of enter- ing the field of Esperanto authorship, even in a limited or self-cultural way, are asked to take notice of this unique opportunity to profit by expert constructive criti cism on easy and simple terms. Amerika Esperantisto _________ February 1936_____________American Esperantist Amerika Esp or ant o--Akademio. Laborplano, Sekcio "Kritika Komitato." ^" "" Labpro de La Komitato. La Kritika Komitato akceptos manuskriptojn kaj verkajojn ciuspecajn, kaj ciu ano de la komitato tralegos ilin tre zorge kaj severe, unu ano (laH arang" inter la estro kaj la anoj de la komitato) lau gramatika vidpunkto, alia rid ate al la stilo kaj uzo de la vortoj» vortfarado, ktp,, kaj la tria juĝos kaj kritikos la enhavon. Ciuj kritikintoj metas je la fino de la manuskripto au sur apartan paperon siajn respektivajn opini-esprimoja. Pluon la k«mitato ne povas entrepreni. Se iu verkisto au kvazau-verkisto deziras apartan korektigon de sia verkajo, li povas peti tian servon private de iu individua akademiano, aŭ de la "Amerika Esperanto-Instituto" kiu okupas sin pri tiaj aferojs kontrau sufica honorario lau interkonsento inter la verkisto kaj la korektonto, Se la Kritika Komitato aprobas la verkcn au se post la kritikado ?,a 'verkisto plibonigis la verkajon lau* la konsiloj de la Kritika Komitato, le verko povas esti prezentata al la Aproba Komitato. ^" — Rekompenco. La verkisto antaupagos al ciu ano de la Kritika Komitato klu tralegos la verkajon (rekte au pere de gia estro) minimume du dolarojn por ciu cento au parto de cento da normalaj paĝoj (skribmasinej interspacaj linioj) kaj unu dolaron al la Akademio (pere de la estro de la Kritika Komitato au pere de la help-sekretario.) La Kritika Komltatcn Lehman Wendell, Estro., Karl Froding., James F. Morton. X*X*X*X*X*X^*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X^ INTERESTING PROPOSAL IN AUSTRALIA. Mr. Macartney Abbott, member of the Australian Commonwealth Senate, has intro- duced a resolution that Australia (together with Britain and the other dominions, if they will?) shall urge the League of Nations to consider the need for compulsory teaching of an international language in the schools of all countries. The resolu- tion stands an excellent chance of passing the Australian senate. Mr. Abbott is not asking that the Australian government shall sponsor Esperanto specifically, but contemplates that the League of Nations would examine the merits of any language, national or artificial, which aspires to an international role. (Esperanto in such a forum would have only two enemies to dread, -~ ign&rance or superficial study, and unreasoning prejudice» But national prejudices could do no more than to stalemate for the present the entire proposal. For any Englishman or German can give convincing reasons why French should not be chosen as universal in- ternational language. And any Frenchman, Italian, or South American can tell you promptly why neither English nor German should aspire to that role!) X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X ESPERANTO SONG BOOK. Away back in July 1916, the E A N A Congress (in session at Annapolis, Md. ) commissioned H» I.. Keyes, Uniontown, Pa. its Poet Laureate, with instructions to produce an American Song Book. He produced, turned the manuscript over to the E A N A publish- er, but for reasons the book never appeared, Recently, Mr. Keyes sent to the Central Office copies of the songs, which the Estraro consider as too good to just occupy a place in a pigeon hole, but should be in the hands of every good Esperantist, and have high hopes of being able, in the near future, of placing h-afore them - not only the Keyes collect- ion, but several other good ones. X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X^ Amerika Esperantisto February 1936 American Es'perantist REPORT OF THE FINANCE COMMITTEE (January 15, 1936) Three hundred and fifty three dollars and seventy five cents is the present total of the donations to EANA's debt retirement fund. And there are still slightly over sixty per cent of our members who have yet to respond to the Finance Committee's ap- peal. We are at present engaged in a final canvass of these tardy members in the hope that we can enlist their cooperation in bringing our drive to a speedy and suc- cessful conclusion. Following is a list of the donations received from December 16, 1935 to January 15, 1936: CALIFORNIA. J.R.S. $3.00; A.L.A,, $5,00; M.V.S-* $5.00.,... ILLINOIS. G.P.F-. $2,008 F.K., $1.50...................... NEW YORK. J.L,, $1.00; M.M. ,$3.00..........^,...,........ NEW HAMPSHIRE. D.F.H. , $2.00............................... . PENNSYLVANIA. C.C.C. $2.00................................. Previously acknowledge (Sept. 16, Oct, 15, and Dec, 15), »..<..,»..... Total to Date,...,........,,,.,..................................... • $ : 13. ,00 3. .50 4, .00 2. .00 2. 00 ; 24. ,50 333, ,25 355.75 We also acknowledge the receipt on December 2, 1935 of a check from Mr, J, J, Sussmuth, Humber Lay, Ontario, for six dollars and fifty three cents payable to Mr» Peter Reilly Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This check was in payment of an EANA debt which Mr» Sussmuth upon his resignation as Secretary in 1933 assumed as a personal obligation» Since the present Secretary has no record of this account and no knowledge of its existence, it was not included in the estimate of our debt furnished at the begin- ning of the present drive» It is therefore listed separately and is not included in the above totals. x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x^ LIST OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS l 93 5-36 We cannot print each month the full list of the Committees organized by E.A.N.A. for the current year. So please make a mental note, that you may find the names of mem- bers by looking back in your JANUARY issue of Amerika Esperantisto. EXECUTIVE: FINANCE: E. G» Dodge, 1301 Mass. Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. (Acting as Chair- man by President's request.) Joseph R. Scherer* 4474 West Adams Blvd., Los Angeles, California. Joseph Leahy, 1517 H Street, Ih W,, Washington, D. C. J. J. Sussmuth, Humber Bay» Ontario, Fred H. McJJann, Chairman» 169 Hoosic Street» Troy. N. Y. H. B.j Hastings* 630 Washington Bldg, , Washington, D» C. Wm. Ĝ. Adams» 219 Public Safety Bldg., Seattle, Washington. PROPAGANDA: S. C. Eby, Chairman, 320 E. 42nd Street, New York City. Rev, Giles H. Sharpley, St. Andrews Church, Waverly, Iowa. Rev. John H. Fazel, 1122 W. 8th Street, Topeka, Kansas, EXAMINATIONS: Prof» Edwin L» Clarke, Chairman, Box 14, Winter Park, Florida. ESPERANTO IN SCHOOLS: Prof, Louis Dormont ( Chairman, 123 E. 35th St.. Brooklyn, N.Y. Prof» Gilbert Nickel, Middletown, Delaware. Prof. Joseph W. Dubin, 808 W> Sedgwick St. Mt. Airy, Phila. Pa. ESPERANTO PRESS SERVICE: Woodruff W. Bryne» Director, 211 Washington St. Atlanta, Ga. (Mr. Bryne's collaborators, indefinite in number, are called "Reporter. and are being recruited in all sections of the territory of E. A. N- A VlhV*V*VAV*V*V*V*V*V*V*V*V*V*V*V*V*V*V*V*VlfcVlfcV*V*V*V*V*VlfcVlliVlliV*V*VlllV*V*VlkV*V*V*Y*V*V*V Amerika Esperantisto February 1936 American Esperaatist - 4 - 1936 JULY 1936 SUN MON TUB! TCP I'jTIUR, . EtLT,, , SAT , © ! © © 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 . 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 D E T R 0 I T J U L Y 1st - 2nd - 3rd 1 9 3 6 D E T R 0 I T MARK THE DATES -----------------1----------------------- ON YOUR CALENDAR DETROIT THE INDUSTRIAL WONDER OF THE WORLD 29TH ANNUAL CONGRESS OF THE E. A.N.A x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*^^ PAINLESS ENROLLMENT - If a dollar and a half looks like too big an outlay all at once, drop a nickel, dime or quarter into a box, drawer, etc,, a few times a week. You'll be surprised how soon, and easily you will have enough to renew or become a member of the E. A. N. A. Students pay 10c' at each lesson and at the 15th they are full fledged members. ALSO - and this should be in VERY LARGE CAPITALS - IN SAVING UP FOR THE DETROIT CONGRESS. OH BOY'. - Note the dates above. X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X^ NEW ESPERANTO EMBLEMS La Veriia Steleto, la signo de Internacia Komprenigo, de popolliganta ideo, la Magia Slosilo a! Homaj Koroj - Esperanta Emblemo en la butontruo. Ciu bona Esperantisto fiere -gin/ partus-. Green Stax with golden "15" in center - a unique feature is the golden ball protectors on star points - eliminating all danger of injury from that source. Of same type as expensive lodge and fraternity emblems selling for a dollar or more. Our low price is due to our desire to have every Esperantist proudly wearing the GREEN STAR. Choice of fastenings: Screwnack 40e', Security Pin 50a'. Order from EANA Central Office. X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X^ MAXIMILIAN M. VILLEREAL, Born in Tagbilamu, Ruh&3,. Province, Phillipine Islands, now . and for several years past - connected with the Phillipines' Commission in Washington, a member of the "Little Congress" - (Secretaries to Senators and Representatives), well, and favorably known to members of U. S* Congress and others about the Capitol. That middle initial "M" should have been "P" for persistence, because in the fullest intensity of the meaning of the word is his predominant characteristic - the superin- tendents of the High Schools in Bohol, Phillipines, and Alameda, California probably know a lot about that, When Max gets an idea that he considers good, nothing under the Blue Sky can swerve or stop him - he will listen patiently to opposition — and just smile, When he became interested in Esperanto —the World Auxiliary Language — he was visibly shocked when told that oai all the world - only a few million of its people knew or were studying it, after being almost 50 years before the public. He thought the people responsible for its advancement had been lax in their efforts in propagandizing. He at once went about the task of setting the World right on the language question — everybody MUST LEARN ESPERANTO. Being a native, naturally, he is very diligent in his efforts to advance the interests of his home land. When, on the attainment of independence by the Phillipines, the question of an official lan- guage came up — which of the many native dialects should be selected — (National patriotism precluding the adoption of Spanish, English or otherLnational tongue), the Esperanto idea (ever uppermost in his mind) suggested to Max that the only logical method would be to combine the best elements of the various dialects into one National Language, thereby eliminating all cause for local prejudices and would exert the great est influence in unifying the country. He has outlined his idea very concisely on a single page 8x11 - and copyrighted it. For the success of his plan, he has our best wishes. If anything should arise to thwart his determination, we have no doubt that his next move will be to make Esperanto the National language - an eventuality which Amerika Esperantisto_____________February 1936_______________American Esperantist - 5 - MAXIMILIAN M. VILLEREAL (Continued) no doubt will be most pleasing to him — as well as to the millions of other Esper- antists throughout the world. Copies of "Language Plan" for purple stamp, from EANA Office, X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*^ C A N A DA ZAMENHOF'S BIRTHDAY celebration and the first banquet of La Kanada Esperantist.-.. Asocio were combined and held at the Stoodleigh Hotel in Toronto Dec, 14th '35. About 50 pre- sent. Norman Todd, Hamilton, Ont. , the President of K.E.A. acted as toastmaster. A large number of Hamilton Esperantists attended. Miss Marshall Saunders - Hon. Vice- Pres, of K.E.A. addressed the gatherings extending a welcome to the visitors, and J.J. Sussmuth spoke in Esperanto about the life of Dr. ^amenhof, whom he knew personally. Other speakers, song and music furnished the entertainment. J. J. SUSSMUTH delivered a speech on the subject of Esperanto in the auditorium of the Anglican Young People's Association, Toronto, the evening of Dec. 10th. About 100 were present. After a sample lesson in Esperanto many enrolled in a new course. HAMILTON, ONT. There are three Esperanto courses given in this city. Elven J. Bengough Registrar of McMaster University and Hon. Pres, of K.E.A. and Norman Todd, a Hamilton lawyer, President K.E.A., are the leaders. x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x=»x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x* GRAVA NOTO. "Esperantaj revuoj haveblaj c?e la subskribanto per sendo de Postmarkoj usonaj uzeblaj por pagi sendokoston. Mi ne povas legi angle* Fenton Stancliff, 1106 Big Falls Avenue, Akron, Ohio. X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X* X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X^ We are again called upon to record the passing away on Dec. 3rd 1935, at New Haven, Conn. $f,;'abeloved sister Esperantist, Mrs, Dagmar Bagger. We extend most sincerely our heartfelt sympathy to her family. X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X* AROUND THE WORLD by ESPERANTO. In the January American Magazine" under heading "It Takes All Kinds" appears the following: - "In four years Gilbert Nickel, Superinten- dent of Middletown, Delaware, Public Schools has acquired more than one hundred cor- respondents in seventy-one different countries, using the International Language Es- peranto". This little notice brought several requests for information about Esperan- to - some sending real money for textbooks» Profesoro Nickel, ni tre dankas vin. X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X* We are in receipt of a very fine "Guide for Tourists" from the South Manchuria R. R. Co., whose head office is in Darien, Manchuria. It is filled with all sorts of in- formation about the country, with many good pictures of City, Gountry, industry and Travel» It is written in Esperanto and entitled "Gvidfolio por Vojagantoj"» It con- tains the answers to about any question a tourist might wish information» All pro- gressive governments and Touring associations are fast recognizing the fact that Esperanto is the logical language to reach the UNIVERSE. Their New York office is at 60 E. 42nd Street, x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x^ ARTHUR B. BAKER - what a thrill we had on receipt of his EANA-UEA membership renewal. His name is enshrined in the hearts of the early American Esperantists along side that of L. L. Zamenhof. He it was who started the "American Esperantist", in 1907, and did more than any other to interest, unite and hold the Esperantists of America. How eagerly we older fervoruloj waited for, and how avidly we read those precious pages! Arturo, ni tre kore salutas vin, xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Amerika Esperantisto February 1936 American Esperantist - 6 - xn*xn*xnnn*^xnnn*x*x*xnn*xnn*xn*xn*xn*x*x*px*x*x*x*xnnnn*x*x*x*x SE VI ESTAS AMIKO de E. A. N. A. kaj U.E.A. PAGU TUJ VIAN KOTIZOM X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*x>^ EVERY ESPERANTIST SHOUID BE A MEMBER OF THE ESPERANTO ASSOCIATION OF NORTH AMERICA x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*xn*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x^ Esperanto Association of North America 1517 H Street, N. W. f Washington, D. C MEMBERSHIP RATES - FIXED AT 28th CONGRESS Class I - Membership in EANA and u E A, with "Amerika Esperantisto" ..... $1.50 Class II - Above combination & Jarlibro (a directory of World Esperanto) added. 2.75 Class III - Above combinations & the monthly magazine "Esperanto" ($1.75) added. 4.5S Come in any time - Your year begins the date of your receipt, (instead of October 1st as formerly) (EANA with "AE" $1.50) (jarlibro, additional $1.25 ("Esperanto", addition- al $1.75) (Total $ 4.50). Subscription to 'American Esperantist" one year $ 1.00. X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X* TEXTBOOKS Dr. Reed's "Practical Grammar" - A course suitable for all grades________7/5c/_ Prof. Kenngott's "Esperanto Course" speaks for itself - and teaches you. $ 1.00 (The authors of both above courses are recognized as World Authorities on the language' Prof. Kenngotts Pocket Dictionary - Two-way. A worthy companion to any course 25a; Froding's "Easy Course in Esperanto" Sussmuth's "American Esperanto Key" • - a splendid 'starter' of 8 lessons. alphabet, grammar & vocabulary 10/ "Edinburgh Dictionary" Esperanto-English, English-Esperanto 288 pp. 4x6 ft- 1.00 Esperanto-English by E. A. Millidge. The BEST Esperanto Dictionary in any National Language. 500 pp. Price $2.75 English-Esperanto by Joseph Rhodes a useful companion to the Millidge. Post- paid - - ,$1.10 _________(547 pp.) Easy - and interesting reading: "Fabloj de Ezopo" 25a;, "Zamenhofa Legolibro 50c;, "Esperanto for the Globe-Trotter" two for 5e\ "Sub la meznokta Suno" 25/, "Sep Ridoj" 25a;, Ciutaga Vivo (Kenngott) 250% "Facilaj Esperantaj Lega/joj" 50a;. X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X^ "A Picture is Worth 1000 Words" Postage Stamp Type (and size) Photographs, gummed ready to stick, from any picture. 100 for $1.00, 500 for $4.00, 1000 for $7.00. Original returned unharmed. Used on birthday, Gift, Graduating and all kinds of greet- ing Cards. Jos. Leahy, 1517 H Street, N.W., Washington, D. C. x*x*x*x*x* x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*xn*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x* SAVE ON MAGAZINE SUBSCRIPTIONS - Club and Special Rates. Any offer matched. Any Magazine, Any Time, Any Where. New or Renewals. Send for list and save money. x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x PHOTOGRAPHS OF DR. ZAMENHOF 5x7 25/ 5 for $1.00 8x10 65a'. Postage Stamp Size, 12-15/ x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x»^x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x JOSEPH R. SCHERER, author, lecturer and world traveller, saw and photographed the un- usual, in almost fifty lands, tells about it in "OirfeaŬ la Mondon kun la Verda Stelo", cloth $2.25, Paper, $1.60 - plus postage, 15/. Now writing a series of "Travel in America"articles in "Heroldo de Esperanto" dealing with his lecture tour through America, Subscriptions, 3 months, $ 1.00, 6 months, $ 1.70, 12 months, $ 3.40. x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x* Advertising rates for small announcements in "American Esperantist": Classified, la' per word - minimum 25 words. Space, 1x3 1/2 inch, 50/ - 3 insertions for $ 1.00, 1/2 page $3.00, Full page, $5.00. Send copy by the 20th. x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x* ORDER ANYTHING ON THIS PAGE FROM E.A.N.A - 1517 H Street, N. W. , Washington, D. C. x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x* Kopioj de "Amerika Esperantisto" estos sendataj al kiu ajn adreso de Usono au eksterlando kontrau sen&o de neuzitaj usonaj poŝtmarkoj por 10 cendoj. x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x*x* EVERY ESPERANTIST SHOUID BE A MEMBER OF THE E.A.N.A. - & BRING IN ANEW MEMBj X*X*X*I*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*I*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*X*» X*X*X: