AMERIKA ESPERANTISTO APRIL, 1919 Teachers' Number OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE ESPERANTO ASSOCIATION OF NORTH AMERICA AMERICA ESPERANTISTO OFFICIAL ORGAN o/ The Esperanto Association of North America, Inc. a propaganda organization for the furtherance of the study and use of the International Auxiliary Language. Esperanto. CO-EDITORS: NORMAN W. FROST MRS. I. M. HORN CLUB DIRECTORY This department is conducted solely for the benefit of our organised groups through- out the country. It furnishes a means of keeping in close touch with the work in other cities, for the exchange of ideas and helpful suggestions, and for the formation of valuable friendships in a united field of endeavor. BERKELEY, CALIF. Berkeieya Esperanta Rondo.—Classes Monday and Tuesday evenings at 8.00.—Meetings Thursday evenings at 2508 Vine St. Address Vinton Smith, 530 62nd St., Oakland, Calif. OAKLAND, CALIF. Oakland Esperanta-Rondo; L. D. Stockton, Sec. & Treas., 438 15th St. 19 SAN FRANCISCO, CALIF. San Francisco Rondo, meets Third Friday eve., Rm. 315 Lick Bldg., 35 Montgomery St. F-ino M. D. Van Sloun, Sec'y, 946 Central Av. MONTREAL, CANADA. Montreal Esperanto Society, Group No. 1. Room 13, Tooke Bldg., St. Catherine St. Meets Wednesday evening at 8.00 o'clock. BRIDGEPORT, CONN. Bridgeoort Esperanto Society meets every Fri- day at 7.30 P.M. At 284 Dover St., near Remington Arms. S-ro Gustavus McGroirty Sek., 525 Fairfield Av. Marcus L. DeVine, Pres., 284 Dover St. Visiting Esperantists call Barnum 1234-Ring 13. 19 WASHINGTON, D. C. La Kabea Esperanta Klubo, 1389 Quincy St., kunvenas Jaŭdon vespere. 19 Kolumbia Esperanto Unuiĝo. Public meeting third Wednesday of each month except July and August at Public Library. Club meetings each Wednesday evening except third at 20 Randolph Place, N. W. All Esperantists in- vited. CHICAGO ILLS. La Gradata Esperanto-Societo, Dvorak Park. Jaroslov Sobehrad, Sec'y. 1116 W. 19th Place. La Esp. Oficejo. 1669 Blue Island Ave. Kunvenas 2an kaj 4an sab. ĉiumonate. 19 BOSTON, MASS. Boston Esp. Soc, 402 Pierce Bldg., Copley Sq. Meets Tues., 7 P.M. Miss A. Patten, Sec. WORCESTER, MASS. Worcester County Esperanto Society. Business Institute, every Friday, 8.00 P.M. PORTLAND, ME. Portland Esperanto Society, Trelawny Bldg. Miss M. G. Ingalls, Sec'y, The Windsor, State St. DETROIT, MICH. Detroit Esperanto Office, 507 Breitmeyer Bldg., open daily. Library at disposal of everybody daily, 7 A.M-9P.M., except Tues. and Fri. Classes meet Tues. and Fri., 8.10 P.M. La Pola Esperanto Asocio, B. Lendo, Sek., 120 29th St. Groups are listed for 12 issues of the maga- zine, at a cost of only 25 cents for the two- line insertion. Extra lines are 10 cents each additional. The heading,—name of city or town—is inrerted free. This matter warrants the immediate attention of every club secre- tary. PLAINVIEW, NEBR. Esperanto-Fako de la "Sola Skolto" (Lone Scout), 500 N. Dearborn, Chicago, 111. (Re- vuo por la Junularo. Organizu grupon inter la geknaboj. Granda sukceso. Abonu tuj! Tare .75; Kvarmonate .25.) Fakestro, Chas. P. Lang, Plainview, Nebr. MANCHESTER. N. H. Pionira Grupo. Sek., Daisy E. Flanders, 714 Beech St. 19 HOBOKEN, N. J. "I.O.O.F. Esperanto Club No. 1 of Greater N.Y." meets every Tuesday at 8.30 P.M. in 61 First St., 3rd Floor West. All welcome. Pres., Mrs. M. O. Haugland; Sec'y Wm. Preusse; Instructor, A. Mendelson. Address all communications to the secretary at above address. BUFFALO, N. Y. Buffalo Esperanto Society, A. E. Warren, Pres.; Miss Ray Morris. Sec; meets Thurs- day evenings at 60 High St. 19 NEW YORK CITY, N. Y. The Gi eater New York Esperanto Society, including all chartered clubs in Manhattan, The Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens, Richmond, Long Island, Westchester County and the New Jersey suburbs, Miss Lecnora Stoeppler, Sec, 105 W. 94th St. The New York Barĉo, or Esperanto sup- per, is held on the THIRD FRIDAY of every month (6.30 P. M.), Hotel Albert, Cor. 11th St. and University Place, near Broadway sur- face car; Subway 8th and 14th Sts. La_ dimanĉa kunveno, al kiu ĉiuj estas bon- venaj, okazas je la tria horo. posttagmeze, ĉiun dimanĉon, ĉe la loĝeĵo de S-ro Joseph Pilbernik, 229 East 18th St., Manhattan. CLEVELAND, OHIO. La Zamenhofa Klubo; S. Kozminski, Sek., 3406 Meyer Ave. PHILADELPHIA, PA. Phila Esp. Soc J. F. Knowlan, Sec, 45 No. 13th St. Meets 4th Fri., Bingham Hotel, 11th and Market Sts. Rondetc de Litovo-Polaj Esperantistoj, 2833 Livingston St. Esperanta stelo de Polujo.. Sekr., S. Zysk. Kunvenas mardon vespere inter 8-10 h., 507 New York Ave. 19 PITTSBURGH, PA. Esperanto Sec. Academy of Science and Art. Tames McKirdy, Sec, Box 920. Fridays, 8 MILWAUKEE, WISC. Hesperus Esperantists. S-ino B. H. Kerner, Sek., 632 Summit Av., 3d Tuesdays, 8 P.M. 19 IS_0 Amerika Esperantisto American Esperantist Entered as second-class matter May 15, 1913, at the Postoffice at West Newton Station, Boston, Mass., under the Act of March 3, 1879. A true translation of the non-English portion of this magazine filed with the Post- master, Boston, Mass. Published Monthly by THE AMERICAN ESPERANTIST COMPANY (Inc.) WEST NEWTON, MASS. One Dollar a Year. Du Spesmiloj Jare. Single Copy Ten Cents. VOL. 24 APRIL, 1913 NO. 2 A UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE For hundreds of years men of every race, color, creed, and tongue have heard and enjoyed the songs of the world. Bach, Chopin, Ver.li, Wagner, and Beethoven have composed, and men have sat spellbound at the interpretations of Paderewski, Mme. Correno, or some other modern pianist. No one thinks to ask how it is done. They all knew. The notation is universal, and has been since the time of Franco of Cologne, in the twelfth century. It is hard to think of the world using any other system in mathe- matics than the Arabic system. Three centuries ago this plan fir i came into general use. Now it is universal. No one would think of using any other. The present development of natural science owes its growth to Latin. What endless confusion would be wrought in the scientific world if each nation should choose to name its insects, animals, bac- teria, fish, plants, and so forth, in its own particular tongue. It is almost needless to point out the incalculable value of universalization of terms in medicine. Marine signalling, too, has.been internationalized, and the sailors are safe-guarded now more than ever before. Such are a few of the advantages of universalized art, science, and commerce. How much greater would be the profit to be derived from an international language? Everywhere in the business world, the word "efficiency" s+ands out preeminently. Efficiency experts are inspecting employees' methods, are supervising all kinds of manual labor, and are evolving Digitized by (jOOQ IC 2 AMERIKA ESPERANTISTO well-oiled machinery from the chaos and waste energy of many bus- iness houses. Yet, in all this propaganda for efficiency, has anyone stopped to ask the simple question: "Would it not be far more effi- cient to transact our business with France, Spain, Brazil, Italy, Sweden, and other countries, in an international language?" To do business with nations speaking foreign tongues, a knowledge of their speech is necessary. How much simpler would be the problem, if an international language, capable of ma tery in a few months, lucid, and regular in vocabulary,syntax,and pronunciation should be substituted? Ever since the first Hague conference, in 1899, men have been gathering from all over the world to discuss affairs of international policy, law, and relationship. Every world congress has been marked by m'sunderstandings and loss of time and temper because of the differences among the languages. In this matter, also, we can see the need of a speech known to all. Some one asks: "Is it possible to have a language universally known ?" Yes. During the time of the Roman emperors, the language u~ed among nations was Greek. The Koine or common dialect was the universal medium of communication for all the nations about. If it was possible, at one time, to have a common language, why would it not be possible, in this age of infinitely greater refinement and educa- tion, to do the same? Now the question arises: "What language is there extant which possesses the qualities named above? Greek is out of the question. A universal language has no need for nine hundred possible forms of the verb. Latin is impo sible for nearly the same reason. German may be discarded because of its four cases, French because of its difficult pronunciation, and, in fact, all national languages because of their irregular forms. The need, then, seems to be for an artificial language, easily pronounced, with a simple, regular grammar, and with roots from each of the greater national tongues. For ages men have recognized this imperative need and have en- deavored to satisfy it. Even as early as 1629, the philosopher, Des- cartes forecast a scheme which has since been realized. The first plan which attained any notable recognition, was in- vented by Bishop Schleyer, of Litzelstetten, in Northern Germany, and was called Volapuk. This is said to have had over a million devotees. Volapuk has been called the invention of a "white night." One evening in March, 1879, the good Bishop Schleyer, cure of Litzelstet- ten, was unable to sleep. Finally, arising, he went down to his study. Here, his brain, charged as it was with a knowledge of fifty-odd lan- guages, evolved Volapuk. Like Athene, who sprang, fully armed, from the head of Zeus, Volapuk came into the world. Entirely ignorant of the language mentioned above, a Polish doctor, Louis Lazarus Zamenhof, invented, in 1887, an international language known as ESPERANTO. This is the artificial speech which has had the greatest success and following. ESPERANTO had a far different birth from Volapuk. No man evolved it in a night. Dr. Zamenhof, while yet a boy, thought of the subject of an international language, and seriously turned his attention to it. With the aid of some of his school friends, he formed a rough Digitized by CjOOQIC ■ AMERIKA ESPERANTISTO 3 draft of the language, which they used to speak among themselves. Then Zamenhof began the study of English. So impressed was he by the simplicity of its syntax, that he immediately set about remodelling ESPERANTO. As his knowledge and experience broadened, so the language grew in scope, so that, in 1887, eleven years after its birth, Louis Lazarus Zamenhof gave ESPERANTO to the worrU. I have named above only two of the many schemes for universal languages. In all, ranging in time from 1629 to 1907, there have been over seventy-five different plans devised. Out of all these varied schemes, ESPERANTO has alone proved practical. Volapuk, as originally written, was formed on I atin roots, but these had been so twisted and .deformed to meet the exigencies of the grammar, that they were, in most cases, completely disguised. This led to various improvements, suggested by anyone and everyone. These changes were so diverse, that finally a board was appointed by the Volapukists all over the world, which met to correct the language. Here, again, they were unable to progress because of party dissensions Idiom Neutral was finally evolved from the chaos, but even this is so unsettled in form as to be impracticable for a world speech. Of all the plans for universal languages, ESPERANTO has proven itself the ideal. Its vocabulary is of a more neutral stock than any of its predecessors. Its roots are derived from the Romance Lan- guages, English, German, and Latin, and it is easily pronounced, the stumbling block "TH" being absent. Unlike Volapuk and Idiom Neutral, ESPERANTO is today as its inventor gave it to the world. Search as they will, critics can find no faults in its structure. Perhaps its greatest recommendation is that it has been in use for over thirty years, and has already been proved to be of solid value. It is now spoken by more people than the combined populations of Switz- erland, Denmark, and Belgium. It has been proved practical by ten World's Congresses, and there are fifty publications in the language. Switzerland is using ESPERANTO in her repatriation work. France and Germany have been using the language to disseminate their war' reports, and, in 1907, in England alone, there were thirty schools where the language was taught, and over seventy ESPERANTO Societies. Thinking men can find but one objection to ESPERANTO. The substance of it is this: ESPERANTO would upset the present status of things by detracting from the patriotism of the various nations. The answer: ESPERANTO does not aim to take the place of the existing national languages. It is merely an efficient means of commu- nication between persons of different nationalities. ESPERANTO can never take the place of the national languages, for an artificial language can never express the shades of meaning so delicately brought out by the present world tongues. It forms, however, a con- venient, business-like, efficient substitute, which, if adopted, will greatly simplify international business and political relations, and bring about a better understanding and world fellowship. After the great struggle which is now raging in Europe, will come a period of tremendous rebuilding. Germany and Austria, though crushed, will strive to rally their commerce. We shall need men, ships, brains, and, above all, efficiency. Let us not continue, as before, to Digitized by CjOOQIC 4 AMERIKA ESPERANTISTO . carry on our business in a babel of tongues, but let us take one grand, decisive step, and put the business of the world on a sounder basis. We have seen the need—ESPERANTO brings the answer. L. Burton Crane, Jr. *MY EXPERIENCE WITH ESPERANTO I have been asked to state a few reasons why Esperanto is a sub- ject that should be taught in the common schools throughout the land. The reasons that occur to me are manifold. They press upon me with such force that it is hard to decide which should be given first But I will begin with Its Attractiveness. There is for many, both young and old, a real fascination in the study of Esperanto. This is no doubt due in part to its simplicity, its regularity, its adaptability, and its sweet reasonableness. At any rate, it has a pull when once it has a chance. For more than a decade—ever since 1SL6—I have taught a class in the Roxbury Latin School. This class a sembles after the work of the day is over, and frequently wishes to remain longer when the time is up. They get no credit for what they learn—only the fun of study, and no one is compelled to come. Is there another subject which has such drawing power? Would the extraction of cube root, of the mysteries of the French irregular verbs, or the anomalies o"f English Grammar, or even the story of Cambuscan bold lure a dozen or more live boys at the close of a day's work when their mates are just throwing off all restraint? I have never tried them, but others have, .with but indifferent success except when the exercises were involuntary. I have said the fascination, I suspect, is due to four qualities. My theory is confirmed by an experience in the class to-day (April 8). A little fellow, about four feet tall, inquired: "What is 'flashlight' in Fsperanto?" I said: "I don't know; I never saw it. Let us see what it would be. There is lum-o (n.), 'light'; lum-a (adj.), 'light'; lum-ig-i, '■to cause to be light'; lum-ig-il-o, an instrument that causes light; ek-lum-ig-ilo, an instrument that suddenly causes light; a flashlight." .And when 1 wrote the full word on the board, a veritable thrill ran through the class—almost comparable with that which Dr. Galle must have felt when he first discovered Neptune, the eighth planet of the solar system. Its Profitableness. A second reason for the study of Esperanto is because of its economy: with a minimum of time one gets a maximum of knowledge. Euclid well said to Ptolemy: "There is no royal road to geometry"; but Zamenhof has shown to the world that there is a highway of lan- guage, straight as the railway between Moscow and Petrograd, in which all men may walk and commune with each other pleasantly on the way. The time necessary to learn Esperanto grammar we call an hour, though it would be a dullard who could not make it his own in half that time. But grammar is not all there is in language. How long will it take to become an expert? That depends, of course, on many things. A knowledge of English helps much; so does a knowledge of any other tongue known to Western civilization. On the other hand, Digitized by CjOOQIC AMERIKA ESPERANTISTO 5 I once read in a Japanese Esperanto journal (in the Esperanto column, not in the Japanese), that any intelligent native of Japan who knew no occidental language whatever, could learn to speak and write Es- peranto in six weeks. So much for the minimum of time: now as to a possible result. If all the world, not younger than the seventh or eighth grade in our common schools, were to devote half an hour a day to the study of Esperanto, five days each week for one school year,—at the end of that time all the world could read, write, and speak a common language; could transact business, engage in conversation with each other, un- derstand, and be understood. Could such a miracle be performed by the study of any other language, living or dead? If so, let it be done forthwith: for of all desirable things this is one of the most pressing, that men understand each other—immediately and in-mediately. This is not academic theory. I have seen it in practice. I have heard a boy of 12 speak Esperanto as readily as his own native tongue; I have heard questions debated in Esperanto with true oratorical fire by disputants of widely different nationalities; I have heard a man address a multitude composed of people from a score of different countries in the English tongue, and could see that perhaps one-tenth understood: then I have heard a man take those words hot from the speaker's lips and render them into glowing Fsperanto, whereat all understood as evidenced by laughter, cheers, applause, and by that light such as never was on sea or land except in the human face when the soul shines through. Such an experience would convince the most skeptical that the world needs Esperanto in order to be efficient. But in order to spread a knowledge of Esperanto quickly and widely, it should form a part of our system of education like any other subject. If children were not required to attend school, we should be a nation of illiterates. If Arithmetic were left optional to the child, not 10 per cent in our schools would ever master the mysteries of Addi- tion. If Geography were the optional subject, few would know tire difference between Singapore and Sing Sing (or Ossining) or would know whether Nineveh and Tyre are modern cities or were islands of antiquity; A Prelude to Other Languages. Esperanto is unusually well adapted to introduce a young child to a language other than its own. Many of the root words are from his own language (if he is an occidental) and already known. The con- struction of its words and sentences is the simplest possible, and there are no exceptions to its rules. There is but one law of accent—stress the syllable before the last; and one law of spelling—spell exactly according to the sound. There is but one declension, with two cases; and but one conjugation, having 12 forms in all, with no irregular verbs. A Substitute for Other Languages. In many schools of our land foreign languages have been de- barred. Into such a gap Esperanto might readily fall with no possible objections onrfie ground of patriotism. It is the language of no country but of all countries. There is not a civilized land or a great city where it is not known and understood by some; yet it propagates no cult, spreads no dangerous doctrine, champions no cause. It is a medium of Digitized by (jOOQ IC 6 AMERIKA LSPERANTISTO communication between man and man; ca;iable of uniting all men in a common bond. Its Cultural Value. Esperanto is an instrument of culture. By the processes of word building the child is taught to discriminate, to weigh his meanings, to be clear and precise. The translation either way is not a puzzle, but a natural consequence of the application of new and agreeable knowl- edge. After a little, the pupil becomes convinced that here is a lan- guage which it is possible to master—a thing which can be said of none other, even his mother tongue. This fact gives him courage and even enthusiasm. But if these strong reasons exist, why is it not already in the schools? This ouery may lie fairly answered by another—why is it not in yours? Perhaps it is. Perhaps you belong to those imperishable people where there is a visicn, and your eyes look far adown the vista of the future yet to be. Some countries are pioneers in this enterprise. Esperanto is already officially taught in parts of England, Scotland, Finland, China, France. Portugal, and Brazil. Are there not many communities in our broad land which ought to be centers whence may spread a knowledge that shall fill the earth and make a League of Na- tions by language if not by law? D. O. S. Lowell. WHY ESPERANTO? The Esperantist by no means proposes that all study of foreign lan- guages be abandoned. We merely feel that the world language should come first and be read, written and spoken. A reading knowledge of any one or more foreign languages is highly desirable. French, which seems to us more culturally important than any other foreign lan- guage, has been given special treatment. Spanish, the tongue of «early all South America, is here chosen as a typical Romance lan- guage. German, the typical Teutonic, even if at present somewhat in disfavor, contains many highly scientific works for the specialist. The Slavic type, represented by transliterated* Russian, is spread over Europe and Asia from the Adriatic to the Behring Sea, the tongue of new ideas, of a new commerce. Esperanto, the uniting tongue of tomorrow and of all races, the "Latin of Democracy," has spread into every continent and every nation, but is here to be considered as the stepping stone to other languages. GRAMMATICAL ENDINGS OF ESPERANTO -O, sign of the noun—derivation: o is the most common sounded final vowel in nouns in Latin and hence in tongues derived from Latin. French theatre; Spanish teatro; Esperanto teatro; German Theater; Russian teatr'. -A, sign of the adjective—der.: a is a common vowel ending in Latin adjectives; it also occurs in the Slavic genitive (adjectival) case; e. g., teatra. F. hrun; S. bruno; E. hruna; G. hraun; R. hurii. *In the Russian i as in machine, i as in it. ' follows hard consonant. The transliteration is makeshift merely and doubtless contains errors. Digitized by CjOOQ lC AMERIKA ESPERANTISTO -E, sign of the adverb—der.: e is frequently found as an adverb ending and in the Latin ablative and Russian locative (adverbial) cases. F. bien; S. bien; E. bone; G. wohl; R. dobro. -J, sign of the plural der.: this (y) sound is found in the Greek and Latin plural nominative (e. g., bonae, agathoij also in the Russian. F. nations; S. naciones; E. nacioj; G. Natione; R. natsii. -N, sign of the accusative—der.: the Greek accusative -n the Latin -m, compare the English him. German ihn. F. frere; S. hermano (fraternal); E. fraton; G. Bruder; R. brata. -I, sign of the infinitive—der.: i is the accented vowel of many Latin infinitives, (4th declension) hence frequent in derivatives. F. entendre (auditoire); S. oir (audiencia); E. audi; G. horen (Audienz); R. slishat (audientsiya). -U, sign of the verb imperative—der.: compare Greek biloo, English 'would that': it clearly distinguishes the imperative from the other verb forms. F. lesez vous; S. lee usted; E. legu; G. lesen Sie; R. chitai. -S, sign of the verb indicative and conditional (found only in combina- tion with tense signs)—der.: s is commonest final consonant in Latin and derived conjugations; compare English has. F. as (, avons, avez); S. has (, hemos, habeis); E. havas; G. habst; R. imyeesh. -NT-, sign of the active participle (following the tense signs -A-, -I-, and -O-)—der.: from the Latin e. g., amans, amantis ; compare the English -ing. F. amant; S. amando; E. amanta; G. liebend; R. lyubashii, lyubivshii. -T-, sign of the passive participle (following the tense signs -A-, -I-, and -O-)—der.: from the Latin e. g., amatus; compare the English -ed. F. aime; S. amado; E. amata; G. geliebt; R. lyubimshii,, lyubennii. -A-, sign of the present time—der.: Latin first conjugation present. F. il aime; S. el ama; E. li amas; G. er liebt; R. on' lyubit'. -I-, sign of the past time—der.: Latin perfect. F. il aima; S. el amo; E. li amis; G. er hat geliebt; R. on' lyubil'. -O- sign of the future time—der.: Latin future, compare Greek future participle lyson. F. il aimera; S. el amara; E. li amos; G. er verde lieben; R. on' budet' lyubit. -U-, sign of the conditional—der.: compare English should, would: the -u- clearly distinguishes this mood yet correlates it to the im- perative (optative). F. il aimerait; S. el amaria; E. li amus; G. er wiirde lieben; R. on' lyubit' bi. Summary -o: noun -a: adjective -e: adverb -j: plural -n: accusative -i: infinitive. -as: indicative present -ant(a) : pres. act. participial (adj.) -ata: pres. pass. part. adj. -is: indicative past -int(a) : past act. participial (adj.) -ita: past pass. part. adj. -os: indicative future -ont(a) : future act. participial (adj.) -ota: future pass. part. adj. -us: conditional -u: imperative Digitized by VjOOSLC 8 AMERIKA ESPERANTISTO ESPERANTO FOR MENTAL DISCIPLINE Word-Building Below is an illustration of word-building in the international lan- guage. A series of logically related words is formed from the funda- mental root by the simple addition of the grammatical endings and affixes. Both root and appendages remain invariable throughout. Such a process, natural as it is, is seen only in its rudiments in other languages. It may be applied to any root in Esperanto. The example here given is taken from Zamenhof's Ekzercaro, the standard ele- mentary course in International, with the addition of an English trans- lation. Root: SAN-, "health" (Lat. san-us) as seen in Eng. sanitary, Fr. sain, Span, sano, etc. SANigilo—cure SANc— health SANa—well SANe—soundly SANi—to be well SANu!—your health! (toast) SANiga—curative SANeco—soundness SANilo—means of preserving the health SANigi—to cure SANiĝi—to get well SANejo—health resort SANisto—health officer SANulo—able-bodied man malSANo—disease malSANa—sick malSANe—morbidly malSANi—to be sick malSANulo—invalid malSANiga—unwholesome malSANiĝi—to get sick malSANeta—indisposed malSANema—sickly malSANulejo—hospital malSANulisto—sick-nurse (male) malSANero—symptom malSANerarq—body of symp- toms SANigebla—curable SANigisto—healer reSANigi—to restore to health reSANiĝanto—a convalescent SANigilejo—dispensary SANigejo—sanitarium malSANemulo—semi-invalid SANJlaro—health arrangements malSANaro—category of diseases malSANulido—child of diseased parents neSANa—unwell malSANado—course of a disease SANulajo—meat of a healthy an- imal malSANeco—sickness malSANemeco—sickliness SANiginda—worth curing SANilujo—case for gymnastic apparatus SANigilujo—mecUcine case remalSANo—relapse remalSANiĝo—relapsing malSANulino—sick woman SANigista—of a healer SANigilista—of an apothecary SANilista—of a physical trainer malSANulista—of a sick-nurse (male) Etc., Etc. (The series may be freely continued within only the limits of logic and common sense.) Above are 52 combinations of one single root. Notice that the one root is always present tq signalize tire cornrnon idea; compare the English. Likewise a single affix expresses ever the same idea.: lernejo—school manĝejp—restaurant cevalejo—stable loĝejo—lodgings kombejo—barber shop hundejo—kennel Digitized by Google AMERIKA ESPERANT1STO (1.) From any given root we can form noun, adjective, adverb, and verb by a simple interchange of the characteristic endings -O, -A, -E, -I (infinitive), a procedure possible in no other language: e. g. ĝojo (j°y"). ĝoja ("glad"), ĝoje ("gladly"), ĝoji ("to rejoice"). (2.) From a given word we can form all derivatives by means of affixes added to an invariable stem, a process of which we see but the rudiments in other languages: e. g., malĝojo ("sorrow"), reĝoji ("to rejoice again"), ĝojado ("rejoicing"), ĝojego ("exultation"), ĝojema ("buoyant"), ĝojigi ("to cause to rejoice"), ĝojulo ("a man of joy"), malĝojulo (" man of sorrows"), etc. (3.) Any root rriay be combined with any root in the formation of compounds provided they make good sense: a far more limited ap- plication of this principle is what gave Greek and gives German its native vigor and richness: e. g., antaŭparolo, "preface" (lit. "before- speech"), fervojo, "railway" (lit. "iron-way"), matenmanĝo, "break- fast (lit. "morning-meal"), etc., etc. The 17 Grammatical Endings of Esperanto cover all necessary in- flectional material for the fullest expression of human thought: the hundreds and thousands of additional forms in the other languages offer nothing but superfluous ballast, yielding nothing in the way I education or mental discipline. Add to this the 3 Word-Building Principles given above, which eliminate unnecessary memory work in the province of the Vocabul r : Suppose you learn 1000 root Suppose you learn 1000 root words in Esperanto: words in Latin, French, Spanish, Then (1) applying the gram- matical endings -O, -A, -E, -I you have 4000 words at command. (2) applying an average of 10 of the 30 prefixes to each of the 4000 you now have 40,000 words at your command. (3) adding words fortned with two or more words made by add- ing one root to another root we easily bring the number of words at your command up to 50,000. LEARN 1000 WORDS AND YOU HAVE 50,000. German, or Russian You cannot with certainty ap- ply any principles of word-build- ing. So that LEARN 1000 WORDS AND YOU HAVE BUT THEM and for the derivatives must learn about 49,000 new root words. Conclusion For linguistic training and mental discipline the appropriate me- dium is the International Auxiliary Language Esperanto. (In addition of course to the advantage of being able to communi- cate with the hosts of Esperantists in every country in the world) For the practical ends of commerce or close acquaintance with this or that foreign literature or civilization it is useful to study the modern languages, and the one needed can be more rapidly (because more systematically) acquired after the thoro drill in linguistic principles that comes from the study of Esperanto. ESPERANTO SHOULD BE THE FIRST FOREIGN LANGUAGE IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS. Digitized by LjOOQ IC I 10 AMERIKA ESPERANTISTO 6 forms none none none none AN OUTLINE COMPARISON OF GRAMMAR *Approximate. Latin French Spanish Esperanto German Russian Spelling phonetic chaotic regular phonetic regular cons, change Pronunciation simple difficult simple simple difficult difficult Word accent irregular none irregular always irregular double, irreg. on penult. Article: (definite) none 3 forms 5 forms la (or 1') 7 forms Article: (indefinite) none 2 forms 3 forms none Noun: characteristic ending none none none -o Gender arbitrary arbitrary arbitrary natural Plural sign 19 forms 3 forms 2 forms -j Declensions 5 of 6 cases none none 1, 2 cases 4 of 4 cases 8 of 6 cases Case signs: genitive 11 endings 3 forms 2 forms de— Case signs: dative 10 endings 3 forms 2 forms al— Case signs: accusative 9 endings none none -n. Irregular nouns 250* none none none Adjective: characteristic ending . none none none -a Adjective inflection: attributive, agrees with noun in— g. n. and c. g. and n. n. n. and c. n. and c. Adjective inflection: predicative agrees with noun in— n. and c. g. and n. n. n. invariable Comparative inflection dif. plus— mas.— pli— arbitrary regular 7 methods 5 forms 4 of 4 cases 8 of 6 ca 5 endings 14 endings 5 endings 8 endings -n or none 21 endings 50* many 2 declensions g. n. and c. g. n. and c. none infl. dif. Superlative inflection dif. le plus— el mas— plej- inflection dif. bolyee—or inflection 5 methods uninfl. Irregular comparisons 60* 3 4 none 14 Digitized by 35* Google AMERIKA ESPERANT1STO Numerical elements: cardinals 39 16 cp. dif. 28 12 and cp. 22 13 Numerical elements: ordinals 37 from card., 31 add —a from card., from card., 2 sp. to card. 1 sp. 4sp. Numerical elements: fractionals many sp. ord., 3 sp. ord., Isp. add-on add-tel to ord. and chast, to card, card., 1 sp. 3 sp. Pronouns: personal 17 forms 21 forms 25 forms 10 forms 16 forms 10 forms Pronouns: possessive 6 forms 22 forms 15 forms add-a to 12 forms personal 10 forms Inflection of personal pronouns sp. sp. sp. like noun sp. sp. Inflection of possessive pronouns as adj'. as adj. as adj. as adj. as adj. as adj. Verb: simple forms 450* 138 174 6 29 100 Verbs: conjugations. 4 3 3 1 2 4 (25* sorts) Auxiliary verbs 1 (esse) 2 3 1 (estas) 3 7 Participles 20 6 6 6 2 16 Irregular verbs 725* 330* 810* none 200* 20* Adverbs: ending -e, -um, -ter -ment -mente -e -lich -o, -ski Adverbs: comparison as adj. as adj. as adj. as adj. as adj. as adj. Prepositions: case governed (pronouns)(pronouns )2 3 5 Prepositions: meaning idiomatic idiom. idiom. 1, logical idiom. idiom. Conjunctions: mood governed idiom. idiom. idiom. logic logic* idiom. Grammatical endings (including characteristic signs of major parts of speech). 530* 150* 180* 17 60* 160* Irregularities 1000* 330* 810* 0 250* 135* Total forms to memorize 1530* 480* 990* 17 310* 295* Digitized by VjOOQIC 12 AMERIKA ESPERANTISTO The attention of the student studying any of the above foreign languages is fixed upon the irregularities, the many grammatical end ings, and the rules without logical cause; when he studies Esperanto his reason is at work, not merely his memory; his attention is fixed on analysis of the fact and the expression of that fact logically. Which process will best develop his sense of grammar, and his general mental ability? THE SOURCE OF ESPERANTO ROOTS Italian French Spanish Esperanto German Russian 1. idilio idylle idilio idilio Idylle idilliya banco banque banco banko Bank bank' telegrafare telegrapher telegrafar telegtafi telegraphieren te legrafirovaty elastica elastique elastica elasta elastisch elasticheskii bruna brun bruno bruna braun brunet 2. dorm ire dormir dormir dofrrtl (Dormitorium) (dormes') nebuloso nebuleux nebuloso nebalo Nebel — (episcopale) (episcopal) (episcopal) episkopo (episkopal) episkop' capitulare capituler capitular kapitulaci capitulafen kapituhrovaty sabato (sabbat) sabado !abato (Sabbat) (subbota 3. scienza science ciencia sc'enco — — abbonare abonner abona aboni abonniren abonirovaty linestra fenetre — fenestro Fenster — — — —- ofte oft — — corbeille — korbo Korb — barile — — barelo — — 4. gravida — — graveda — — legno — — ligno — — JT meleagro poligono nur nur anche — — ankaŭ — chez — ĉe — — en en —' ' — — — krom — ;, . -*- REMARKS 1. All international roots which with identical meaning and al- most identical form are found in practically all civilized languages are ipso facto part of the Esperanto vocabulary. There are thousands of such words, especially scientific and technical terms. 2. Oftentimes, again, while the word for the root idea differs in various languages, a common root is found in the derivatives, which is accordingly used in Esperanto for the main idea. Thus we see above that the Latin root dorm- ("sleep") occurs in both Teutonic and Slavic languages. The German Nebel ("fog") is identical with the Latin root nebul- in English and the Romance tongues. While the Greco- Latin noun for "bishop" appears unmutilated only in Russian, its adjective is identical in all languages. Sometimes an international root is discovered among less com- monly used synonyms of the various languages. Thus the idea of "surrender" is also rendered by the more formal "capitulate." But this root is found in all languages, therefore "to surrender" is in Es- peranto kapitulaci. Finally, where an international root varies somewhat in meaning in certain languages, Esperanto is likely to adopt that root, and use it Digitized by LjOOQ IC .. AMERIKA ESPERANTIS'P I 13 in its most distinctive sense, even though that sense may be less inter- national. We see that Esperanto uses sabato in the Italian-Spanish sense of "Saturday." 3. Where even through derivatives it is impossible to find a com- pletely international root, Esperanto has recourse to the principle of "maximum internationality"—selecting the root that is common to the most languages. Where they differ somewhat in form Esperanto generally adopts the form in the parent language from which the modern words are derived. 4. For comparatively few ideas every language uses a different root. In such cases V>r. Zamenhof's first recourse was to the Latin, as a semi-international language. This was particularly likely to be the ca.se if the Latin coincides with the Italian (as with graveda, "preg- nant," ligno, "wood," or in the case of botanical and zoological names, where of course the Latin form is known to all scientists, thus meleagro (from L. meleagris), "turkey," poligono, "buckwheat" (from L. polygonum). When the Latin root is for various reasons unsuitable, as is often the case, the most suitable root is adopted from another language. Thus the most distinctive and euphonious word for "and" is the Greek kaj, for "only" German nur, for "also" Italian anche, for "at" French chez, for in the Spanish form, for "besides" Russian kromye. (Of course all words are conformed to the spelling and grammar of Es- peranto, which last are, as we shall see, themselves derived from the national and classical languages.) TWENTY-FIVE ROOTS IN ORDER from Edinburg Dictionary French Spanish Esperanto German Russian Parisien espartano an- an amerikanets' pimpernelle pimpinela anagal- Pimpernelle mokritsa anagramme anagrama anagram- Anagramm perestavka buk analitique analitico analitik- analytisch analitika analyser analizar ar.aliz- Analyse analizirovaty analogie analogia analogi- (analogisch) analogiya banana a nan a ananas- Bananasfeige ananas' anarchie anarquia anarhi- Anarchie anarxiya canard anadoh anas- Ente utka anatheme anatema. anatem- Kirchenbann anathema anatomie anatomia anatpm- Anatomie anatomity anchorete anachorete anakoret Einsiedler skitnik' anecdote anecdpta anekdot- Anekdote anekdot' annexer anexar aneks- anfŭgen prisovokupity anernie, anemia anemi- Blut-Armuth anemiya anemone anemona anemon- Anemone anemon' anesthesie anestesia anestez- Unempfindlichkeit anesteziya angelique angepca (angiologia) angelik- Angelicawurzel angelica (angiplogie) angi- Ader zhila anguille aqguilar angil- Aal ugory angine angina angin- Halsbraeime angina angle angulo angtd- Winkel ugpl' ange angel anĝel- Engel angel' anglais ingles angl- Englaender Anglichanin' anis anis aniz- Anis anis' Of the root words, 83 per cent are found in English, 88 per cent in French, 85 per cent in Ital ian, 82 per cent in Spanish, 81 per cent in Portuguese , 76 per cent in German, 64 per cent in Latin, and 42 per cent in Russian. ^/Google 14 AMERIKA ESPERANTISTO "LEARN FRENCH" By all means. Aside from the sentimental interest of the language on account of our boys being, or having been, "over there," it is an un- doubted fact that of all the European national languages French holds first place as a go-between among the Allies. It is a trite saying, and to a large extent a true one, that it is " the language of diplomacy." Of course the trouble with French is the same as the trouble with English and every other national language : (1) that it gives one people entirely too great an advantage over other peoples; (2) that its genius is too local to naturally voice international needs; (3) and most im- portant, that it is too hard to learn for the rank and file of democracy. In this age we can no longer entrust matters of peace and war, the boundaries of nations, the regulation of commerce, and the like, to the closed circle of those linguistically educated. There will come a time when the common people will demand that the text of treaties and all international agreements shall be accessible to all, not at second hand through translations, but in the original form of some neutral language which all can understand. Only thus can the dangers of "private in- terpretation" on the part of each country or linguistic group be eliminated. Meanwhile "learn French" by all means. And you can learn French quickest by learning Esperanto first. This is true for the same reason that it is easier to mount from the floor to a table by means of a chair than directly. Esperanto is the chair. In its grammar, its vocabulary, its spirit, it occupies a central place among the modern languages. It is the scientific norm, in the light of which the various idiomatic divergencies are seen in their mutual relations. It has been shown in tests without number that the average school child learns Esperanto plus a national language in at least half the time it takes to learn the national language alone. Take a very simple illustration. We give a brief extract from the Cours Methodique d' Esperanto, themes, followed by the corresponding extract from the Esperanto edition, followed in turn by an English translation. Notice how the Esperanto takes the middle place, so that it is comparatively easy by means of it to pass from either national language to the other. La France avait, en 1792, declare la guerre aux rois et annonce la paix aux nations. Elle avait triompbe des rois et c'est sous l'effort des nations qu'elle succomba. La Revolution s'etait arretee en France et figee, en quelque sorte, dans le despotisme militaire, mais, pa-- l'ceuvre meme de ce despotisme, elle con- tinua de se propager en Europe, dont la guerre simplifiait etrangement la carte. Francio en 1792 proklamis la militon kontraŭ la reĝoj, kaj anoncis la paeon al la nacioj. Gi estis venkinta la reĝojn kaj sub la nacioj kunstreĉantaj siajn fortojn ĝi talis. La Revolucio estis haltinta en Francio kaj kvazaŭ mal- fluidiĝinta en militista despotismo, sed per la agado mem de tiu despotismo ĝi daŭrigis propagandiĝi tra Eŭropo, kies karton milito estis strange plisimplig- anta. France in 1792 had declared war on kings and proclaimed peace among nations. She had triumphed over the kings and it was to the exertions of the nations that she succumbed. The Revolution came to a stop in France and was fixed, as it were, in military despotism, but as the effect of that despotism it continued to be propagated in Europe, whose map was strangely simplified by the war. Digitized by Google I^^^^^H AMERIKA ESPERANTISTO 15 SOME ESPERANTO INSTITUTIONS Central Office (Paris: secretariat of the Lingva Komitato and the Konstanta Komitato de la Kongressoj; aids in general propaganda; statistics; documents; bibliography; an annual; Officiala Gazeto? L-nguage Committee: formed to preserve the fundamental prin- ciples of E. while controlling its evolution; some 150 members under 9 leaders. Esperantist Academy: 18 chosen by Lingva Komitato to organize its work and formulate its decisions; supervises vocabulary, grammar, publishing commission, and national subcommittees on publication. Permanent Committee on Congresses: arranges with local com- mittees for the annual world congresses and prepares their reports. International Union of E. Societies: unites with the national E. societies for common propaganda; made up of delegates elected by member societies. E. Exchange (London): Cashes checks from all lands in all coin- age units; deals with international business relations, foreign drafts, etc. Saxcn E. Institute (Liepsic): under Ministry of Interior of Sax- ony ; state library of E.; examinations in schools in Leipsic, Dresden, Chemnitz, Plauen and Zwickau. E. Literary Association: unites with lovers of literature and authors ; reads mss.; recommends good books; bulletin of linguistics and literary questions. Universal E. Association (central office Geneva) :. a neutral organ- ization to promote all relations material and moral among men, and to bind members together. Each member has the right to aid from delegates in every part of the world; addresses in official yearbook; upon 24 hours' notice the local delegate is to do all in his power to aid the visiting member (if a foreigner, through their common knowledge of E.). The U. E. A. monthly, "Esperanto," is the leading E. publi- cation. The World Congresses each year are perhaps the greatest of all Esperanto institutions. The first occurred in 1905, each succeeding congress brought new triumphs in recognition. The tenth was as- sembling in Paris on August 1, 1914. Men of all races converse on an equal footing. There r.re aLo local congresses as that to be held this summer in Montreal for all North America, Jft'y 9 to 13. There are, too, special E. societies and Esperanto subgroups of international societies often with special periodicals; e. g., the Inter- national Association of Teachers which publi hed the Internacia- Pedagogia Revuo from 19C8 till the outbreak of war. The world war with its various national legal restrictions has tem- porarily stopped publication of many of the international journals but the following are now appearing : Amerika Esperantisto, West Newton, Mass., U. S. Argentina Esperantisto, Belgrano 865, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Blrnka Kruco, Volksheilzentrale, Graz, Hungary. Brazila Esperantisto, Praca Quince de Novembro, Rio de Janiero, Brazil. British Esperantist, 17, Hart St., London, W. C. Digitized by Google / 16 AMERIKA ESPERANTISTO Bulletin de H. C. E., 28 Shinagawacho, Kanazawa, Japan. Bulteno de Katalunya Esperantista Fed., Aribau, 5a Barcelona. Cata'onia, Spain, via Massague 51 Salvade, Spain. Bulteno dTnformation Esperantis'e, 51 rue de Clichy, Paris, France. Eklezia Revuo, Farnley Tyas Vicarage, Huddersfield, England. Esperanto, (U. E. A.), 10 rue de Bourse, Geneva. Esperanto, 77 Santa Ee, Bahia Blanca, Argentina. Esperanto Finlando, Alberga Vilho Setala, Finland. Esperanto Raporto, Denmark. Esperanto Ligilo (in Braille), Major, gatan 12, Stockholm, Sweden Esperanto Monthly, 17 Hart St., London, \V. C. Esperanto Spiegel, ?r Germany. La Espero, Huddinge, Sweden. Esperantista Voĉo, Salo Grenkamp, Dietla 62, Krikow, Po'and. La Esperantisto, Calle 6, no. 537, I a P'ata, Argentina. Estonto, Anth. C. Bakels, Pcstbox Haarlem, Holland. La Evolucio, Chinese P. O. Box 117, Shanghai, China. Fluganta Skribilo (shorthand) ? France-Esperanto, 51 rue de Clichy, Paris, France. Germana Esperantisto, Ader and Borel, 40 Struvestrasse, Dresden A, Germany. ?Hina Brileto, care of K. C. San, 11 Lin yen Rd., W. Gate, Shang- hai, China. Hispano Esperantisto, Pasaje del Comercio 8, Madrid, Spain. Holanda Pioniro, J. L. Bruijn, 37 Paul Krugerlaan.'s-Gravenhage, Holland. Hungara Esperantisto, Szentharomsagutca 30, Szeged, Hungary. Hungara Revuo, Kammermayer Karoly u 3, Budapest 4, Hungary. Japana Esperantisto, 155 Kogaj-Cho Azabuku, Tokio, Japan. Le Monde Esperantiste, 3 rue Sophie-Germain, Paris, France. Libera Torento, 48 Bir'a rsk.. Saratov, Russia. Literaturo, C. H. Edmonds, 254 Wightman Read, Hornsby, Lon- don. N. S. Londona Rond'ranto (ms:-), Mr. F. Baldwin, 40 Huntindon Road. E. Finchley N 2. Nederland-Esperanto, no 10337. Amsterdam, Holland. Nederlanda Katoliko, Postbox 5, 's—Hertogenbosch, Holland. Nit Rondeto, (mss)T Dr. W. A. Todd, Newcastle, England. Ondo de Esperanto, 3 Lubjanskij, Moskow, Rusi-\ Petragrada Revuo. ? skoe obozrjenie, Petrograd, Russia. La Progreso, Fr Kavan 6, Podebradova tr., Plzen, Bohemia. Siberia Esperantisto (hekt) ? Siberia. Svisa Espero, Kulmannstr. 57 Zurich, Switzerland. Teknika Revuo, 10 Hotelgasse, Bern, Switzerland. Unuigita Tuthomaro, Bahai Verlag, G. m. b. H., Hamburg 35, Germany. Verda Stelo, ? Siberia. Volga Pioniro, ? Russia. Volga Stelo, Sokolovaja ul 136, Saratov, Russia. For a sample copy send to any one of these 2 P. O. reply coupons with the request—Bonvolu sendi unu ekzempleron al (name and ad- dress). Digitized by Google AMERIKA ESPERANTISTO 17 ESPERANTO SCHOOL COURSES Following the first international Esperanto congress in 1905, many schools took up Esperanto, e. g., Orleans, Chemnitz, Augsburg. In Hannover the Municipal Council authorized the teaching of Esperanto in all its schools and opened a special course for professors. The Lon- don Municipal Council opened courses in 15 schools. In 1906 the Paris Municipal Council founded an Esperanto course for primary schools of that city and a course at the Lavoisier Municipal High School. , From these beginnings the school courses have spread out over all the world till today one finds school courses in Christiania, Norway, Barnaul, Siberia; Edinburg, Scotland; Rio de Janiero, Brazil; the Chinese National University, Pekin, China, and various parts of the former Russian empire, not to forget one near at hand, Roxbury, Mass. Of course, everywhere this is the result of constant effort by Esperantists against the inertia of the timid majority, and the worship of precedent. We will cite a few instances. In Helsingfors, Finland, Professor Ramstedt has had a course of 63 (Esperanto Finlando for February, 1919, reports new courses with over 90 students); Tammerfors a course of 50; Viborg two courses of about 50 each; Lahti 26, Lapua.15, Laihia ?, Isokyro ?, Vahakyro ?, Vaasa 40 odd, Abo two courses 14 and 36. The Tammerfors High School and two schools for boys and girls in Viborg and Abo, three schools at Borga, Kelvo, and Myllinaki have Esperanto courses. Hel- singfors Normal Lyceum has its society. A petition recently sent to the Finland government committee on instruction by several of the National University profesrors and others asked that a state Esperanto normal institute be founded ; (2) that Esperanto should be allowed in all middle schools as a voluntary study; (3) that teachers be allowed to enforce the study of Esperanto; (4) that Esperanto teachers' diplo- mas be accredited; (5) that Esperanto be taught in schools for the blind. The head of the Bureau of Education and the Minister of Public Instruction are both stronglv in favor (summarized from La Espero, Jan., 1919.) In 1917, in Fccles, England, the Committee of Education, after poor success-in teaching French in the elementary schools, decided to try out Esperanto as a regular subject. Two hundred scholars par- ticipated. At the end of three months they practically all understood spoken Esperanto, they were beginning to talk it with some facility and had just begun a correspondence with other Esperanto children in various countries of Europe, America and Asia. It was observed that for those children who had learned Esperanto, the English idiom was more easy. As a result 12 other committees have followed the lead of Eccles. The results under the title "The Modern Humanities" are obtainable at the B. E. A., 17 Hart St., London, W. C.; accounts have been translated into Swedish, Spanish, French, and probably other languages in local journals. In May, 1917, a committee interviewed the Brazilian Director of Public Instruction and after an address in the Normal School May 30, courses with over 750 pupils started in 15 schools, also a course for teachers of whom 27 graduated. In August of 1918 a new Esperanto course was started in the Normal School with thirty students. On October 31, 1918, a law was passed in the state of Sergipe officializing Digitized-by CjOOQ IC 18 AMERIKA ESPERANTISTO the teaching of Esperanto in their public secondary schools. On Jan- uary 11, 1919, the state of Rio de Janiero took the same step. As yet the cour.es are voluntary and the teachers paid only by preference in certification and at normal school. We have not as yet received news of the ''fall" opening of the schools in Rio. For five years, beginning in 1908, Esperanto was taught in the schools of Lille, to boys and girls of 12 and upwards. We submit a few facts from M. Durieux's article in the Esperanto Monthly of March, 1919: "I have experimented, so have many other French teachers. British professors have experimented. Lo, by various processes the different instructors in diverse lands have reached the same conclu- sions. "I certify this 1. Esperanto makes possible foreign relations between children after three or four months of study. Their world limited to their own country becomes boundless. 2. Esperanto makes the learning of the national tongue more concrete, reasonable, a mental discipline. Whoever teaches Esperanto, teaches by Esperanto. Comparison opens one's eyes, makes one ob- servant, suggests—it wakes up and enlightens the dormant and cloudy minds. 3. Esperanto makes easy education individual, national, and in- ternational, through direct and personal comparison, through the ceaseless interplay of minds under the guidance of the instructor who skillfully uses unexpected or prepared happenings. Esperanto in the school prepares, starts and directs social education in' the path of the critical method! "For me these three points are as certain as that 2 and 2 make 4, certain not because I have studied the question, but because I have experimented and learned the facts. "It all makes me fight unceasingly to get Esperanto into my country's schools. But that is not enough—Esperanto with rare ex- ceptions has everywhere the same effect in forming the young minds. Now if the e'ducators in the various nations wish to fullfil their most noble duty, if they wish to bring together the minds to the same ideals: for example, to unbroken peace, they must educate the peoples in the same principles. "F. Durieux. Sec. of the International Teachers' Association." SCHOOLS WHERE ESPERANTO HAS BEEN TAUGHT Abbreviations used: acad., academy; col., college; com., commercial: II. S., High School; ind., industrial; inst., institute; I., languages; p., pupils; pub. public; sch., school; sem., seminary; t., teacher; tech., technical; univ., university; etc. 1909 England, London : 23 sch. 1911 Turkey, Samos : 31 towns. 1912 France, Lyons : teachers, 40 p. Austria, Mikulavice: 100 p.; Pordubice: 43 p.; Budapest: 3 sch.; Debrecen: 2 sch. Germany, Hannover: all primary sch. Digitized by CjOOQ lC AMERIKA ESPERANTISTO 19 1913 Russia, Voznosensk, H. S. France, Benne ; Lille : 1500 p. Spain,----------, Sem. Conciliar. Sweden, Gefle: univ. and pub. sch. China, Pekin: 120 p.; Shanghai: 60 p.; Wu Chow : 90 p. Hungary, Grase: 30 p. Usono, Ohio, Newcastle: H. S. Pa., Pittsburgh: univ.; acad. of science and art; Carnegie Inst. Fla., ------: Southland Sem. Mo., St. Louis: Christian Bros. Col. Mich., Pickford: pub. sch. Va., Rich- mond : John Marshall H. S. 1914 Brazil, Rio de Janiero: Inst. Polyglotico Campos; Col. Americano Braz. Hungary, Budapest: Royal Hung. Com. LIniv.; "Gimnasia"; Ungvar: State Clay and Ind. Dept. Sch; Csongred, Workmen's Royal Sch. Austria, Vienna: Royal Univ.; Royal Tech. H. S. Prague: teach- ers of girls' schs. Trieste. Pilsen : business acad. France, Grenoble: 200 p.; Paris: 13th sch. district; Portiers: acad. Germany, Saxony: Normal Insts. at Auerbach, Chemnitz, Dres- den, Leipsic, Plauen, and Zittau. Bavaria, Esp. Insts. at Munich and Augsburg. Hamburg, 15 t. Augsburg, middle grades; H. Ss.; Com. ss. Ratisbon; Chemnitz, State Tech. Sch.; Dresden; Nuremburg, private business sch; Friedrichs; Klothen, Polytech. Sch.; Dessau, Modern Sch. L. Russia, Vladivostock: Orel "gimnasium" ; Ufa "gimnasium"; sch. surveying; Zlatopol, agric. col. India, Benares: Central Hindu Col., 50 p. Italy, Bologna: Tech. Com. Sch. England, Brentford: Rothschild Sch., 50 p. Usono, Cal., Berkeley: Wellesley Sch. for girls; Redwood H. S. 1915 Spain, Barcelona: univ. Rucsia, Astrakhan: Church Sem. Argentina, Rosario: Col. Com. Ilbero. Brazil, Campinas: Inst. Cezario Motta. Usono, N. Y., New York: Washington Irving H. S. Mass., Med- fcrd H. S.; Pa., Philadelphia, Stephen Girard Col.; Fla., Palma Sola, Pinehurst Vocational Sch. 1916 Austria, Olomuic. France, Algiers: People's Univ. Russia, Tiflis, Women's Univ.; Kiev, Com. Sch.; Orel, Men's "gimnasium"; Odessa. China, Hunan, 2 schs.; Nankin, State Normal Sch. England, Bath: Duke St. Sch.; London: evening schs.; Isleworth: secondary sch.; Eccles. Usono, Cal., San Francisco: Com. H. S.; Univ. Cal., summer; Ohio, Delphos: 8th grade. 1917 Austria, Vienna: com. dept. and modern 1. sch. Digitized by Google 20 AMERIKA ESPERANTISTO England, Keighley: 1 sch.; Truro: Cornwell Sch. Com.; Glasgow: H. S. and pub. sch.; Whitehill sch; Sutherglen sch; Bride of Wier sch. Bradford; London, Morley Col.; Greenlane Sch.; Eastwood girls' sch. Russia, Anapa: local sailor.:' sch; Lugansk: com. sch.; Odessa; Richelieu: men's "gimnasium"; Miakenko: women's "gimnasium"; Viazma: men's "gimnasium" ; Astrakhan : 2 courses, com. classes; Ir- kutsk : Royal Sch. France, Lyons: Socialist Sch. Spain, Madrid: Com. H. S. China, Pekin: National Univ., 300 p. Brazil, Rio de Janiero: 14 schs., over 600 p; 1 course for t. Niteroy. normal sch. 1918 England, Bishop: Auckland County Sch. for Girls; Aberdeen: night schs.; Liverpool: Educ. Committee; Oulton Senior Com. Sch.; Cowdenbeath : evening sch., 2nd grade; Leith, Tech. Acad.; Lochgellv, evening continuation sch.; East Sch.; Edinburg: Tynecastle Supple- mentary Sch.; Dona'dson's Hospital Sch.; Royal H. S.; Dunfermline. Australia, Queensland: Educ. Dept., t. Argentina, 10 sch. Brazil, Rio de Janiero, 17 schs. Russia, Barnaul. OFFICE NOTES. The work of the present issue has been shared between the school committee, the editorial staff, notably H. M. Scott, and others. Thanks are due to H. K. Fritsching, G. P. Ferree, Miss Eug. Ohman, J. J. S., Mary S. Jacobs, Herbert Harris and others who have helped in one way or another. The first call for 1919 has been made upon the Guarantee Fund, in accordance with the provisions of the pledges as adopted at the Philadelphia Congress. "I hereby subscribe an amount not exceeding that set opposite my name to the Guarantee Fund of the Espe- ranto Association of North America for the purpose of covering expenses which the regular receipts or donations do not meet, for each of the two years from Oct. f, 1917, to September 30, 1919, on the following conditions:— "........All assessments for the year ending Sept. 30, 1919, shall be called prior to Dec. 31, 1919, failing which all subscriptions shall be void." Other regular matters are held over for the May issue. Statement of the Ownership, Management, Mass.; I. M. Horn, Vice Pres., San Juan Circulation, Etc., required by the Act of Con- Bautista, Cal.,; Ernest F. Dow, Sec.-Treas gress of August 24, 1"12, of Amerika Esperan- West Newton, Mass. tisto, published monthly at West Newton Sta- -„„, _ „ ,., . „ _. tion, Boston, Mass., for April, 1919. Ernest F. Dow, West Newton, Mass. Puhlisher, The American Esperantist Co., No bonds or mortgages. Editor, Norman W. Frost, West Newton, (Signed) Ernest F. Dow, Bus. Man. Mass. Sworn to and subscribed before me this 15th Business Manager, Ernest F. Dow, West New- day of April, 1919. ton, Mass. Seal. Frank M. Grant, Notary Pubuic. Owners: The Esperanto Association of North My commission expires Dec. 10, 1920. America; Edward S. Payson, Pres., Boston, Digitized by CjOOQIC