Volume 5; March'1909 Number 2 vv. **ANCl «CO. CALt Ainerika Esperantisto A Monthly Magazine of the International Language ESPERANTO American Esperantist Company 235 Fortieth Street CHICAGO Price, Ten Cents Per Year, One Dollar Digitized byCjOOQlC AMERIKA ESPERANTISTO WITH WHICH IS COMBINED THE AMERICAN ESPERANTO JOURNAL Entered as Second-Class Matter October i, 1007, at the Post Office at Chicaso, Illinois, tinder Act of March 3rd, 1879 f - — - ---_ — ..,,---_ — , ■ _■—.,. ^.————gag» Direktoro ARTHUR BAKER Managing Editor TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION Per year in United States and Mexico, one dollar. In Canada, $1.15, In other countries, ft.25 ADVERTISING RATES Our rates are lower, in proportion to circulation, than those of any other Esperanto publication. Send for schedule. KONDIĈOJ DE LA ABONO Jara Abono, spesmiloj 2.05 en Usono kaj Meksiko. En Kanado, Sm. 2.30. En aliaj landoj, Sm. 2.55 PREZOJ DE REKLAMADO Proporcie al la disvendado, niaj prezoj estas pli malkaraj ol tiuj de iu alia esperantista eldonaĵo. Petutarifkarton. AMERICAN ESPERANTIST COMPANY 235 Fortieth St. CHICAGO The AMERICAN ESPERANTO BOOK The Standard Compendium. First edition issued, July 1907 Thirty-Eighth Thousand, January 1909. CONTENTS Pronunciation : Clearly explained, with keys and exercises. No teacher needed. Grammar: The original international rules, with translation ; a careful analysis from the view- point of the person of moderate education. Exercises : Forty-two standard international exer- cises, by Dr. Zamenhof, author of Esperanto. Each has vocabulary, notes and translation. Vocabularies : Esperanto-English, complete, 76 pages; English-Esperanto, selected, 54 pages. Total, 320 pages. Heavy English finish paper, specially milled for us. Extra green cloth binding, white stamped PRICES AND CLUBBING COMBINATIONS Single copy, postpaid, $1.00; with year subscription to magazine, $1.50. Five copies, express paid, $3.75. The combination in clubs of five or more', at $1.20. SPECIAL PREMIUM EDITION Same plates as cloth edition, narrow margins, thin bible paper, paper cover; weight, 4 ox. FREE with each subscription to Amerika Esperantisto. Five or more, at 75c. Clubs, Classes and Agents who have made an initial wholesale order are allowed wholesale rates on subsequent orders, any quantity. Dealers receive wholesale rates for any purchase. AMERICAN ESPERANTIST COMPANY CHICAGO Publishers and Importers 235 East Fortieth Street Digitized by' THIS OFFER IS GOOD TO MARCH 31. NO PREMIUMS FIFTY CENTS A YEAR ___________No order at this price will be accepted if postmarked later than March 31st.___________ »0 provide an immediately available fund for the purchase of improved office equipment we are making a special campaign for new subscriptions. Until March 31st we shall sell full yearly subscriptions to AMERIKA ESPERANTISTO at fifty cents, or six months' subscriptions at 25 cents. No premiums are given with these subscriptions. n F you have not yet subscribed, NOW IS YOUR TIME. Order a bundle sent to your address for a year. Make gift subscriptions for friends or relatives. Have the magazine sent to a list of prominent educators. Canvass the membership of your club—every member owes it to himself. Make up a subscription list among non-Esper- antists and let us help convert them. NOW IS YOUR TIME HERE is a subscription form. Cut it out, attach it to the top of a sheet of blank paper, and take with you an INDELIBLE PENCIL, an UNFUSSABLE GOOD HUMOR and a NON- SQUELCHABLE DETERMINATION. Go out and get us a big list and a good list. Every dollar you send to this office goes to help spread Esperanto—we have no other business. SUBSCRIPTION ORDER FORM American Esperantist Company, 235 E. 40th St., Chicago: Send AMERIKA ESPERANTISTO to the following addresses, for which payment is enclosed at half price, per advertisement in March NAMES AND ADDRESSES AMT \ Digitized by / This is only a fraction of the whole list of Esperanto books BOOK LIST Address all orders to American Esper- antist Co., 235 East Fortieth Street, Chicago. Only books in stock February 18th are listed. THE AMERICAN ESPERANTO BOOK. -Ii.oo raper Edition, with Subscription, Free In the first fifteen months after its publication more copies of this book were sold in America alone than the total circulation of the next most popu- lar book in Great Britain and America during four years. The British Esper- antist reviewed it as "the best manual yet issued." The April 1908 "Revuo" says: "There is in no country an Es- peranto book better printed, with cleaner type, or on better paper than this elegant book. . . . Everything is carefully arranged. . . " It contains 76 pages discussion of the grammar, with examples, 114 pages of the Zamen- liof Exercises with translations and notes, and 130 pages Esperanto-English and English-Esperanto vocabularies. Bound in extra cloth. The Premium Paper Edition is printed on thin bible paper, paper cover Five copies (cloth) prepaid ............ 3.75 Book with Subscription, year............ 1.50 With Six-Months' Subscription ......... 1.25 Year Combination in fives or more...... i.ao Six Months Combination, fives or more .. 1.00 Our agents, dealers and clubs may buy in less than fives at the reduced rate. Anyone may become an agent by mak- ing an initial purchase of five or more Paper Book and Yearly Subscription ___ 1.00 Five or more, rate of....................75 Paper Book and Six Months' Sub.........50 This last combination is sold at a dis- count of 25 per cent to dealers and agents, and to clubs which act as dealers, charging their members full price. When cash accompanies order, paid subscription cards will be sent with premium books Special Terms for American Esperanto Book Esperanto Clubs can have shipments of The American Esperanto Book, either binding, subject to payment when sold. Dealers and agents must remit with order. But dealers, agents or clubs may return unsold copies and receive credit or cash refund, less transporta- tion charges. Get your book dealer to put in a small stock on these terms Abatejo de Westminster ................$0.15 (Irving—O'Connor) Advokato Patelin (Evrot)................25 Angla Lingvo Sen Profesoro..............30 (Bernard—Mock) Antaudiro (Stewart) .....................so Aspazio (Svjentokovski—Leon Zamenliof) .75 Avarulo (Moliere—Meyer) ...............25 Bardell Kontrau Pickwick ...............20 (Dickens—Morrison.) Boks kaj Koks (Morton—Stewart).......20 Bukedo (Lambert) .......................65 Chio—A set of fifty cards, each contain- ing forty Esperanto words, with direc- tions for playing a number of interest- ing games. By Winifred S. Stoner. Combines amusement with an excellent memory exercise. Printed on playing- card enameled bristol, round-cornered and packed in a neat carton. Post free for ...................................50 Cikado che Formikoj ................... .so (Grupo de Chaumont) Cox Grammar and Commentary.......... 1.00 An exhaustive treatise, too elaborate for beginners, but should be in the hands of every writer, teacher and serious student. Cloth, 357 pages Esperanto in Fifty Lessons...............50 A conversational method, by Edmond Privat Chu Li? (v. Dro. Vallienne)............. iao Dictionnaire Esperanto-Francaise..........60 (de Beaufront) Diversajboj (Lallemant kaj Beau)........ .45 Don Juan (Moliere—Boirac) ............ .45 Edsigho Malaranghita ilnglada)......... ao Elektitaj Fabeloj de La Fontaine........ as (Valliant) Eneido (Virgilio—Vallienne)..............90 Esperantaj Prozajhoj (Dudek Verkistoj).. .75 English-Esperanto Dictionary ............65 By O'Connor and Hayes (The large book is known as the Rhodes Diction- ary). Contains about 12,000 common English words, with Esperanto transla- tion; 200 pages, press-board cover Rhodes English-Esperanto Dictionary___tco Esperanto-English Dictionary (Motteau). .65 The only such dictionary published; contains practically all Esperanto roots, with examples of applied suffixes Esperanto Sintakso (Fruictier) ......... .45 Esperantista Poshkalendaro (M A B).....35 La Faraono (three volumes) ............ 2.05 First Reader (Lawrence) ................15 Fullstaendig Laerebog i Esperanto....... 1.00 (Dane-Norwegian Text Book.) Fundament0 de Esperanto (Paper)........6b Fundamento de Esperanto (Cloth)........90 Fundamento de Esperanto is the official basis of the language, containing the Ekzercaro of Zamenliof, with vocabu- lar translated into French, English, Ger- man, Russian and Polish. The p-ice of the five-language edition is quoted above. The book has also been adapted to other languages, each in a separate edition, as follows: Fundamento de Esperanto (Greek)........50 Fundamento de Esperanto (Italian).......50 Fundamento de Esperanto (Spanish)......50 Fundo de 1' Mitero...................... as Fundamenta Krestomatio (paper)........ 1.10 Fundaments Krestomatio (half-leather).. 1.30 The standard literary style-book of Esperanto, commencing with simple ex- ercises and grading up to translations from the classics. Recommended to every Kspcrantist who desires to culti- vate good literary style. HELP US PUSH THIS GRAND WORK TO SUCCESS Higieno kaj Moralo (Herreman—Good)... .25 Ifigenio en Taurido ......................65 (Dresden Congress Play) From Schiller, by Zamenhof. Inter Blinduloj (Javal—Javal)............60 Internacia Krestomatio (Kabe) ..........40 Jeso de Knabinoj ........................20 Kan tar 0 (Thirteen Songs for Quartet)___ .25 Kastelo de Prelongo (v. Vallienne)....... 1.20 Kolorigisto Aerveturanto ................15 (Grupo d« Monaco) Komerca Stltretario (Sudria) ............20 Book of letter forms, etc. Kondokanto kaj Antoiogio (Grabowski).. .do A book of graded exercises, literature, etc. Konkordanco de Ekzercaro (Wackrill).....35 Komercaj Leteroj ........................20 (Berthelot kaj Lambert) Kurso Tutmonda Lan Natura Metodo .23 (Gasse) Kvar Evangelioj (Laisney)................50 Lauroj ..................................65 A collection of premium articles from "La Revuo" Libro de 1' Humorajho...................75 Makbeto ....... ................... .25 (From Shakespeare, by Lambert) Monadologio (Liebniz—Boirac) ...........20 Pola Antoiogio (Kabe)............... .60 Polish Text-Book...................... J0.30 Polish Word-Book....................1. • .25 Provo de Marista Terminaro ........... ,50 Predikanto .....................'. „...... .25 Psalmaro ...............................• i.75 (Book of Psalms, tr. Zamenhof) Pictorial Esperanto Course ............. .35 Poahkalendaro (Fred) ....................25 Rabistoj (Schiller—Zamenhof) ............65 Bakontoj pri Feinej (Perrault—Sarpy)... .30 Revizoro (Gogol—Zamenhof)............50 Rip Van Vinkl ....................,.....25 Robinsono Kruso (Defoe—Krafft).......50 Rompantoj (Valjes).....................30 Shi Klinighas Por Venki..................50 (Goldsmith—Motteau) Standard Conrse (Bullen) paper .........25 Standard Conrse; same, in cloth...........50 Tria Kongreso..........................50 Tri Unnaktaj Komedioj ___............30 Troiseme Congres TJniversel..............$0.05 Tutmonda Anekdotaro (TJnua)............10 TJniversala Vortaro (Zamenhof)...........30 Ventego (Shakespeare—Motteau) ........75 Verkaro tie Devjatnin....................60 Vivo de Jesuo (Renan—Gasse)...........70 Virineto de la Maro (Zamenhof)..........45 Vojagho Interne de Mia Chambro........25 (Meyer) Worterbuch Deutsch-Esperanto ..........75 Kaprinoj de Seguin ......................05 Komunista Manifesto (Marx—Baker) ... .50 International Language ..................1.05 Past, Present, Future. The best study of the whole problem in the English language: should be possessed by every lecturer and by all who desire a thorough understanding of the problem and its solution. Ant new idea must be advertised before It can secure a popular verdict on Its merits. The ad- vertising expert Is an educational expert In pro- portion as the thing he advertises Is of benefit to the race. For example, It Is quite probable that J. Richard Smith, the unknown author of the advertisements of ------------ tooth brushes, has a greater aggregate of popular uplift to bis credit than the head of any university. Our business Is advertising Esperanto. We think It Is educational work and we are proud of our occupation. We are grateful for all the help given us, but must repent that It Is never adequate to the task of telling the 100,OTX),000 people of Nortu America about Esperanto. We need thousands of dollars with which to adver- tise, and the experience of sixteen years In pub- lishing and advertising work has taught us how to spend each thousand so that It will come hack. Have you some money which Is not tcorkingt Would you like to let It work for Esperanto? This magazine is published by a corporation. The American Esperantlst Company, which of- fers for sale shares of Preferred Stock, paying nnnual dividends of seven per cent. The shares are in denominations of $10.00 eacn, and can be purchased outright or In monthly installments of ten per cent. The shares are full-paid, non- assessable. The dividends are cumulative—that Is, if unpaid during one year they become a cumulative charge against the company's earn- ings for subsequent periods until paid. The gov- erning Jaws of the corporation were drafted by an investment company with the express object of making our Preferred Stock a good and safe investment for its most conservative clients. SUBSCRIPTION American Esperantist Company, 2.'15 East Fortieth Street, Chicago. Gentlemen: I enclose herewith $.......... in full (or partial) payment for ........................ shares of the Preferred Stock of your company, and agree to pay the balance in monthly Install- ments of......:........ Enter my account and issue my certificate when full payment has been made, under my name as signed: Name.............................. Address ..................................... Order 100 sample copies of this number for $1.00 CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING WE will print in this department little advertisements of any reputable business, requests for correspondence, etc. More than 25.000 people will read this page. If you have something to sell or trade, tell them about it. Rate per line, 10c flat; no discounts, and minimum charge 20c. Single line correspon- dence address, twice for 20c. International coupons or one-cent stamps. ON I enpresas en tin Ci fako anoncetojn pri iaindaafero, petojn pri korespondado, ktp. Pli multaj ol 25,000 homo) legos tinn Ci pagon. Se vi havas ion, kion vi deziras an vendi an doni interSange, anoncn al ili pri gi. Po 20 spesdekoj por ciu linio. Nenia rabato.. La minimuma sumo. 40 Sd. Unu-linia adreso en fako de korespondado, do rnonatoin por 40Sd. Kuponojn aŭ markojn. KLASIGITAJ ANONCETOJ UNITED STATES 8. Edward Garber, Leon, Iowa. F Edward Welsh, 4157 Glrard Ave., Philadelphia, Penna. Geo. H. Appleton, Lynchburg, Va., II. 8. A., de- xlraa korespondl per letero) aŭ poŝtkarto) kun fremdlanda) Esperantistoj. L Pino. Emma Stocklnger, Bozeman, Mont, (for- eign only). E. J. McCallum. 037 Liberty Ave., Plttaburg, Pa. Richard Bleschky, 518 Pulton St.. Chicago, 11.1 Sro. Jesse W. Dorsey. Monndsvllle, W. Va.. D. 8. A., deziras lntersaugl llustritajn postkar- toln kun fremduloj. Susquehanna Grupo, A. A. Earle, Secy., Barnes- boro, Penna. Grnpanoj korespondas kun lu, pri lo. P M. 8. Gill, 720 Robinson St., Mexico, Mo. P Robert R. Wrlgbt, Mexico. Mo. Leonora Johnson, L. Box 603, Canby, Michigan. Geo. W. Runnels, Mill Village, Penn. Albert Peterson, Route 4, Balaton, Minn. Charles E. Powell, R. R. 1, Bucklin, Kan. John L. Tewabury, 20 Cushman Place, Auburn, Me. John H. Ratzlaff, Route 2, Escondido, Cal. Fino. Caroline Schoenhut, Manaon, Iowa. Ernst B. Fiedler, Box 350, Baltimore, Md. Miss Sara E. Chase, Oroville, Colo. 8ino. O. H. Thornton, 280 Broad St., Conneaut, Ohio. W. A. Henry, John Day, Ore. F Miss Lucy Patterson, 1007 E. Routt Ave., Pueblo, Colo. F Sino. Florence E. D. Muzzy, 47 Prospect Place, Bristol, Conn. L, Anna E. Balkwell, 802 Orchard 8t., St. Clair, Mich. Mi deziras korespondl esperante kun Clulandaj Frama- aono] per poStkartol an leteroj. Dro. J01. H. Noble, 310 North Fortieth Street, Philadelphia, Penna. For sale or exchange. International Correspondence School course in Chemistry, complete course. Will sell at a bargain If bought at once, or will exchange for other course. H. Brinkman, Archibold, Ohio. Acetu terposedaĵojn kie ilia valoro multege pligran- digos! Baldaŭ la granda akvopotenca digo trans la Mississippi tie Ci estos konstruita. Skribu al F. Maire, teragento, Hamilton, 111. Esperanto Buttons: One for 10c, or 6c each in lots of Ave or more—H. D. King, 287 DeKalb Ave., Brooklyn. Money placed on good real estate In Kansas so so as to net the holder from 6V2 to 7 per cent. No foreclosures in lsst 16 years. Money snfe ss the exehnnge is made thru the hank. Questions answered relative to conveyancing. County residence of 38 years. Business in Eng- lish. E. W. Alberty, Pittsburg, Knnsas. "Mi AŬdaa Vin," favorite mezzo-voice song, Sue. Her- bert Harris, 730 Congress St., Portland, Me. FOREIGN BELGIUM P. Attabscr, 3 Place de i'Universite, Louvain. II. Balthazart (fllo), Place de Liege, Beync-Heusay. BOHEMIA F Sro. Frant Skorepa. Nennlova ui. c. 3, PrahaZizkov Sro. Franz Strache, Schonborn nr. 87, Bodenbach. Sro. Frantis-k Kail, Prokopova tr. 198, Praha-Zizkov. Esperanto Candy: Variously, delicately flavored and perfumed souvenir box, 25 cents. Orders tilled for all kinds of Esperanto goods, for- eign and domestic—post cards, magazines, hooka, etc Eapernnta Bazaro, 4 Broughton St., Savannah, Georgia, D. S. A. Sro. Jan Zahejsky, Premyalov» ul. (J 15, Zizkov. Sro. VaC Staif, ChelGickeho n. 17, Pnalia-Zizkov. Alois Cermak, Smichov, Egenbergova 111. 92. Prague. F Sro. Lads Pravenec, Praha II, Konbkova uL 6. F Sro. Josef Sldlo, Praha VIII, Turnovska 477. Jos. Erhart, Instruisto, SuSice. K. Hylmar, Husova ul. 440, Vroarice. T. Hobsbecher, St Mesh, Nschod. B. Mickovsky, Kohn 43. Julie dupichova, Cerveny Kostelec. Rudolf Souzek, Praha-II, 1713. Jaroalav Vokoun, Slany. BRAZIL. Eugenio A. Coeho, Caiza 25, Paranagua, Parana. Laurlano Trinas, Coutabilidado de Guerra, Rio de Janeiro. BULOARU Sro. Ivan H. Krestanof, Plrdop, Bulgarujo, de- ziras interSangi Eap. gazetojn, postmarkojn elzraa iuteraangl Eap. gazetojn, pottmarkoja kaj poStkartoJn. R. Avramov, V.-Tirnovo. Sro. Ivan H. Kreatanov, Plrdop. Georgi Stojanov, V.-Tirnovo. CHILE Prof. Luiavldal Cuadra, Casilia 1679, Santiago. DENMARK Sro. N. Moeagaard, 19 Kirkestrade, Koge. ENGLAND F Frederick J. Ashley, 17 Hartwood Road, Southpon FRANCE Sro. L. Collet, 81 roe de la Claire, Lyon, Rhone, France. Maurice Constantlne, rue de Saint Qnentln No. 8, Lille, France. Edgurd Thlebaut, me de Bethnnn No. 82, Lille, France. F Paul Lcchevailier, 242 rue St. Jean, Caen (Calvados). Edmund Baudot, 156 rue d'Erguinghen, Armentiere*. Nord. Georges Ducreux, Faubg. de Blois, Romarantln, Loir et Cher. Alexandre Ooyet, Bvd. Voltaire, Tarare, Rhone. J. M. Rocheteau, 21 r. des Olivette», Nantes. Gaston Sainte, 8 rue de Baudreuil, St Quentin, A lane. Sro. Simeon Cotte, 44 rue de Provence, Paris. Sro. Rene Legrand, 96 r. de Rouvroy, Henin-Lietard, Pas de Cal. Sro. Jules Bona, 18 r. Legion d'Honneur, 8t Denis pre» Paris. Sro. Natalia Hauel, 6 aquare Thiers, St Denis pre» Paris. GERMANY. Sro Rihardo Linke, Jr., Danzigerstr. 98, IV Berlin 58. Sro. Franz Lippke, Poatgehiife, Wittengen, Hannover. Sro. Hugo Reiman, 148 Akademieweg, Tharandt Sro. Alfredo Richter, A. Furenstr. 28, Dresden. F. Lipachutz, Bergr atr. 54, Frankfort l-M. Gustav Nehrenhein, Weihenatr. no. 1, Lippstadt i.-W. Thcodor Anding, Severinstr. 138, Coin a-Rh. Curt Heibig. Kotzschenbroda hel Dresden. HOLLAND C. J. Ondshofl, Weatzeedyck 74, Rotterdam. W. Schafraad, Leeuwarden. HUNGARY. Jules de Bulyvoazky, N. Nagymezon 18, Budapest AMERIKA ESPERANTISTO JAPAN Sro. T. Nakamra, Yurakuaha, Marnoufii, Tokio. MEXICO Sro. Octavtan Z. Fregoao, Tnxpan, Teplc, Mexico. Sro. Francisco Herrera Zambrene, Banco National, Lion, Guanajuata, Mexico. Fino. Beatrix ilorvasitas, 4x de Mlna No. 441, Mexico D. F. Fino. Celeste Conlero, 363 Zaragoza, Guadalajara. Jal. Sro. Salvador Uribe, Cia Ind. de Ouad, Guadalajara, JaL Sro. Prof. Domingo F. Morale», Av., Colon- 433, Guadalajara, Jal. Sro. Miguel A. Renteria. Portal Bravo 2y 3, Guadala- jara, Jal. Fino. Refugio Ocampo, la de Paz No. 4, Aguascalientes. Fino. Guadalupe, Ochoa, 2a Zaragoza No. 1, Jalapa, Ver. 8ro. Jauquin R. Ortego, Apartado No. 115, Guadala- jara, Jal. Sro. Mario de Gortari, Aacuela N. Preparatoria, Mexico. ROUMANIA. F Sro. 8. MiluU, preaiato, Str., Colonel Gliica No. 49, Bukareato. F Sro. D. Treatioreanu, Str. Viitor No. 91, Bukareato. Sro. Garulo Garulli, atr. Mataaari 19, Bucareat. Sro. M. Llebovici, 1. C. Bratianti 5, Bucareat. I. Feldman, L C. Bratianu 6, Bucareat. Maur. Fischer, I. C. Bratianu 5, Bucharest. RUSSIA. Sro. Clemens Bornsteln, Panska 40, Warsaw, Russia. F J. W. Barclay, Winnitza. Podolia. F S. German, dom* Oroholskago, Winnitza, Podolia. FA. Zajcer, Dumskaja ulica, dom. fiomajko, Sumi, Kursk F A. Konorov, IPs Jenakaja Oimnazia, Sumi, Kursk. F K. Levicky, Dom. Voakresensky, cerkvi.kvart. Popovs, Sumi, Kursk. F V. DiCenko, Tritskaja pleSkad, Sumi, Kursk. F S. Poatalenko, Perekapskaia ulica, aobatv. dom.,8uml F N. Naumenko, Lebedinskaja ulica, dom. Pogorelakej, Sumi, Kursk. FE. Dimov, Kazennlj Vinnlj Sklad, Sumi F D. BukaCenko, Perekopskaja ulica, dom. VarSavskago, Sumi F N. Orobcenko, Kvartira D. V. Speranakago, Sumi Sto. A. E. Oglovin, SamopomoO.fi, Peterburg gub. Sro. Y. Sirunjan, Anfiishatakaja 3, Tiflia, Caucasus. A. Menate, Poate Reatante, Riga. Woldemar Muiler, Katberinen Kanal, No. 14, Log. S, St. Petersburg. Sro. Obrufiev, Tehnologia Inat., Tomsk, Siberia. Sro. P. P. Levitskij, Rylsk, Kurak gub. Sro. Ivan Nikoiaev, Peterburgako stroona, Domo 25, Log. 2, Jinakaja ul., St. Petersburg. Sro. Wiadyslaw Adamczewski, ul. liora n. 37 m. 31, Warsaw. SERVIA SlnlSa Budjevac, Brankova 19, Belgrade. SPAIN Krodegango Ucquinus, Grupo Esperantista, Bil- bao. Angelo Serrano, siiimi ndrcso. Angelo Sunrcz. winia adreso. Fanstlno Snbio. soma ndrcso. F A. Rodriguez, str. Bnilen lil-la, Bilbao. Sro. Josefo Cervaa, Strnto Salmi 20, Barcelona, Spain. k.chard Sauren, (akvarelpentriato), Ileroa 6, Bilbao. FJose Lopez, Ybarro Hermanoa, Bilbao Joae Velasco Salo, Grupo Esperantista, Bilbao. Sro. Johano Grive, Saaeo de S. Juan, Maullen, Cataluna. Sino. Mikaela Alouso, Elcano 3, lo izq-do, Bilboa. A. Costa, Salud 1224, Sabadell. Miguel Giribeta, Carreta Matro, 264 Barbelona. Sro. Alfonso Baldricb, Strato Iglesia no. 19, Sabadell. SWEDEN H. Haroldson, 14 Badatrugatan So., Stockholm. Ragnar Otsaon, Braunkurkogatan 56, Stockholm. SWITZERLAND. Fino. Berthe Brequet, 17 Sablons, Neuchatel. URUGUAY. 8ro. Carlo» Charrier, Cerrito 84b, Montevideo. Sro. John M. Mathewdakis, Aldln, via Smyrna, Azla Tnrkujo, dezlras koreapondl per lloatrl- taj pofitkartoj kaj leteroj en la angla Ungvo. Sro. Sim Ion Mil ma. kompoatlato, Str. I, C. Brati- anu 5. Bukareato. Sro. Bernard Herscovlcl, saina adreso. Sro. Al. Mntecacu. telegraflsto, saina adreso. F Fluo. F. Vaalleacu, Str. Manea Cavafu 5, Bu- kareato. ESPERANTO PINS Cut shows exact size and design. Can also be finished as a lapel button. Solid gold. 12 oo each. Rolled gold plate, 7sc each. Sterling silver. 6oc each. 33 t-3 per cent discount on ordersofgi.ooorover. Wealsomake College, Class and Fraternity pins, buttons, fobs, etc. Union Emblem Co., Attlebqro, Mass.______ LECTURES ON ESPERANTO TO WOMAN'S CLUBS, EDUCATIONAL SOCIETIES, ETC. BY JOHN P. OGDEN. B. E. A., 20 Newton St., Bri-Boston, Mass. For terms address as above La geanoj de griipo Esperantista de Carcar, Sebu, Philippine Is., desiras korespondi. Skribu sub zorgo de Sro. Joae D. Galuano. Sro. Solon J. Orfanldes, Aldln, via Smyrna, Azla Tnrkujo, deaziraa koreapondl Esperanto kaj france per llustritaj poStkartoJ. Ankaŭ ln- terSangas pofitmarkojn. PLATES FOR NEWSPAPER LESSONS Amekika Espebantisto has taken up for final disposition the question of supplying plates for printing Esperanto lessons in newspapers. Such a series of lessons can be supplied at low prices if a sufficient number of sets can be contracted for. The manufacturers refuse to make less tnan iorty sets, or rattier the minimum charge is the price of forty sets. If we can dispose of that number the plates, containing twelve or more lessons, will be sold at $G.0u per set, re- turn of metal after use guaranteed by purchaser. This price includes expressage from Chicago. We have had many inquiries for lessons to print in local newspapers. Here is the proposition— type all set, carefully proof-read and made Into printing plates. We shall make no attempt to supply these plates until cost of manufacture is guaranteed. If you will agree to purchase a set of the lesson plates at $6.00 provided we re- ceive enough orders to cover Vie cost, write to us to that effect at once. Many local newspapers would willingly pay for the plates, and almost any paper will publish the lessons if you fur- nish the plates. The local societies will find this a good way to increase their membership. ESPERANTO "MAKES THE WHOLE WORLD KIN" ESPERANTO S TATIONERY For individuals, clubs and societies. Good for propaganda uses. To in- troduce our line we quote : CA Envelopes, 6 3-4, and 50 Letter Heads, 81-21 1 i7e« v neatiy printed on good quality paper ■ **** 1 HO Envelopes, D 3-4. and 100 Letter Heads, sfcl AA AW g ,.j , ,, neatly printed on good paper «P*»VV CA Envelopes, 63-4, and 50 Letter Heads, d?1 AA JU 8 t-2 I 11. printedon Old Hampshire Bond U»1.UVJ (best paper made) 1 CA of each, of the Old Hampshire Bond d>0 QQ Printed in Green unless otherwise ordered. Green Star used if desired We do all sorts of good Esperanto Printing. Estimates gladly given THE ARDEN PRINTERY At the Sign of the Green Star EDGE MOOR DELAWARE Do You Know Esperanto Well? You should learn it, for it is an open sesame to the world's store of knowledge. Hard to learn a language? Not if that language is Esperanto presented in a clear and simple manner by a common sense text-book. THE STANDARD MANUAL OF ESPERANTO is complete and up-to-date, containing answers of Zamenhofa.nd Dr. Zamenhof s word-building, and is so easy that from it you can learn Esperanto well in two or three weeks. The best way to refute the charge that Esperanto is hard is to show a copy of The Standard Manual. Ĝi ne provas simpligi Esperanton sed prezen- tas ĝin simple kaj nature. Price, 35c ; or 50c cloth bound. Special inducements to Esperanto clubs, agents, and kunhelpantoj de nia afero. E. S. JELLEY JR. Vancouver, B. C. 108 Heatley Ave. ESPERANTO BULLETIN A little monthly newspaper. Its object is to put the latest information on Es- j peranto into the hands of those who are I interested, but have not taken up the 1 study. The subscription rates are : Per ■«. i\__ 5tooneOC*-» lotoonegw/T. I year 10c i$1.00 address 25c address For twenty copies a full year to one address $1.00 "INTRODUCTION « a «***?*. * TO ESPERANTO" g& ^cieSr concise language, printed in large type, a care- ful analysis of Esperanto for the beginner. Any person who has read the Introduction and who receives the Bulletin, may consider himself well informed on this most vital and interesting topic 15c Bulletin and Introduction Combination Price only The purposes of these two publications coincide nicety—in fact the Introduction was especially made for circulation with the Bulletin. We give the two in combination for 15 cents. For brevity and convenience in our advertising and in your orders, this is designated : Bulletin Combination REWARDS TO WORKERS Among onr workers are professors, scientists, lawyers, judges, bankers, physicians, members of legislatures, army and navy officers of high rank ; in fact no Esperantist feels it beneath his dignity to help spread our publications. Will you help? Our best offer to workers is: The American Esperanto Book, a 320-page home-study book, and Amerika Esperantislo, a monthly magazine in English and Esperanto, official organ of the movement in North America. The price of the book in cloth is ii.oo. and of the magazine alone ii.oo a year. The price of the two in combina- tion is $1.30. We will give you For securing Bulletin or FREE postpaid Bulletin Combination the following subscriptions to the net REWARDS . CASH AMOUNT OF f PRIZE OFFER f American Esperanto Book (paper) $ .50 With Amerika Esperantisto 6 months 1.00 With Amerika Esperantislo r year 1.50 American Esperanto Book, cloth, and Amerika Esperantislo one year . . 2.50 If you already have book and magazine, take your own selections from our current Book List, up to 30 per cent of amount sent in. Order your premiums when you send the list, and avoid confusion. We fnrnish blanks free. /-NVT-TN ttttt or copy this subscription form and bUl UU1 have addresses PLAINLY written American Esperantist Co. 235 E. 40th St., Chicago. Send the Bulletin (or Bulletin Combination as indicated) to the following addresaes. Enclosure t.....I ^rcneuTu™ni&enreteupvncntnrm'ueurr'fmmn**\* ...a. A E M ERIK A jy CSPERANTISTO UNUA AMERIKA REVUO ^A DE LA LINGVO INTERNACIA ESPERANTO VOLUMO V CHICAGO MARTO MCMIX NUMERO II ESPERANTO ASSOCIATION OF NORTH AMERICA (OFFICIAL PART) Offices, 3981 Langley Avenue, Chicago Edwin C. Reed, Secretary Benedict Papot, Chairman Publications Committee MEMBERSHIP IN E. A. OF N. A. Every person Interested and believing in the adoption of the International language, should join the association and so assist the propagan- da with the prestige of larger membership as well as treasury. Fee for each individual is twenty-five cents. Each member is sent a cer- tificate of membership and is entered in the year book of the E. A. of N. A. It is worthy of notice that the list of new members this issue contains 401 new names, a sufficient proof of one month's growth. OFFICIAL NOTICES. Dr. Elmer E. Haynes, Box 484, Lewis, Kan- sas, has been appointed Secretary of the South- wsetern Division, and all in Kansas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Texas, should correspond with Mm with a view to organizing. Because of the many foreign Esperantlsts visiting the smelting works, the Anaconda (Mont.) Society has appointed as Consul, Mr. R. W. Kerns, 604 Maple St. EXAMINATIONS. The Association conducts examinations for proficiency In the language. There are two grades, and each Esperantist should have at least the Atesto pri Lernado. For this Prelim- inary Examination the registration fee is 10c, examination fee $1.25. Advanced registration fee 25c, examination fee $2.50. Further par- ticulars upon request to the Secretary, 3981 Langley Ave., Chicago. PASSED ADVANCED EXAMINATION Atesto pri Kapablcco W. A. rienry, John Day, Oregon. Dr. Joseph H. Noble, Phila., Pa. Herbert F. Bergman, Agri. Col., Fargo, N. D. Rudolph G. Stevens, Allegheny, Pa. Miss vdara J. Brown, Brooklyn, N. Y. Michael J. Gartner, iJartin's Ferry, Ohio. Henry D. King, Brooklyn, N. Y. Mrs Mary B. Ketcuum. St. Louis, Mo. George H. Appleton, Lynchburg, Va. Virgil C. Dibble, Jr., Charleston, S. C. Dr L F. Harder, .uilwaukee, Wis. PASSED PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION Atesto pri Lernado Prof. A. P. Hickson, Anaconda, Mont. Mrs. Agnes D. RobertB, Omaha, Neb. Dr. B. K. ŝimonek, Chicago, 111. F. S. Schmalle, Anaconda, Mont. Dr. M. Ullln Stoneman, Crafton, Pa. R. W. Kerns, Anaconda, Mont Geo. E. Stansfield. New Haven, Conn. J. D. Hallman, Pittsburg, Pa. Miss Mayme French, Anaconda, Mont Miss Bertha E. Ware, Anaconda, Mont D. Samuel Rolston, Ingram, Pa. OFFICIAL ORGANIZATIONS To the "Official Organizations" given in the issues of January and February, the following should be added:— Augusta (Me.) Society, Hallowell (Me.) Group, Beverly (Mass.) Club, Providence (R. I.) Society, New London (Conn.) Society, Manhattan Group (N. Y. City), Wash- ington (D. C.) Society, Cleveland (O.) Society, Wiilard Library, Geknaboj and Fellca Clubs of Evansvllie, Ind., Wheeling (W. Va.) Club, W. Y. C. A. Club of Wheeling (W. Va.), Glen Easton (W. Va.) Class. New Church Club of Chicago, Univ. of 111. Society, Lewis (Kan.) Society, Ana- conda (Mont.) Society, Colorado Springs Soci- ety. Los Angeles Society, Auxiliary Language Ass'n of the Univ. of Southern California. VOTING POWER OF COUNCILORS Up to February 2nd, and including the 401 new members listed in this number, the voting power of the Councilors is:— New England Division, Mr. J. F. Twombly. .180 New York Division, Mr. H. D. King.......138 Eastern Division, Mr. J. M. Clifford, Jr... .117 Capitol Division. Mr. J. W. Cheney.........026 Southern Division, Mr. W. B. Sterrett.....018 Ohio Valley Division. Mr. H. W. Scott......130 Central Division, Prof. B. Papot............144 Prairie Division, Prof. G. H. Fracker.....087 Southwestern Division. Mr. E. C. Reed... .027 Western Division, Prof. J. M. Dixon.......120 Canadian Division, Mr. R. M. Sangster.....013 1.000 Digitized by VjOOQlC 26 AMEKffiA BSPERANTISTO LIST OF NEW MEMBERS FOR JANUARY Esperanto Association of North America NEW ENGLAND DIVISION. August» (Me.) Group. Anne, Miss Ethel Berry, Miss Mabel Bruce, Win. H. Emerson, 0. P. Emerson, Mrs. C. P. Marshall, Fnrnsworth G. Marshall, Mrs. F. U. Norton, A. F. Richards, Mrs. E. B. Higgs. Otis M. Robbing, Elsie M. Stewart, Clyde Marshall Sweet, Estclle A. Hollo well (Me.) Society. Blake, Florence E. Bowman, Alice Churchill, Cleora Morse, Minnie E. Qulnn, Catherine H. Wadsworth. Mattle Wadsworth, Rose Massachusetts. Lindsay, Prof. T. B., Boston O'Leary, Joshua, Boston Clark, Miss Mary E„ Foxboro Atkins, Paul M., Jamaica Plain Campbell. Miss Margaret, Rox- bury. Russell, C. A., Roxbury Kelcey, Mrs. Henry, Somerrllle Beverly (Mass) Club. Day. Miss May B. Egerton. Mrs. F. D. Foster, Frank A. Hanson, Miss Edith P. Hathaway. Miss Mary Howard, Miss Bertha Montford, Miss Alice Stiles, Arthur D. Stiles, Miss Irene G. North AMngton Society, Brackett. Leonard A. Britt. Mrs. Win. C. Nobhs, Mrs. Lone B. Nohbg, Oliver B. Providence (R. I.) Society. Benz. Chas. F. Rondreau, Alfred Brown, Miss Bcrnice V. Brown, Dr. J. Edmund Davidson, Edgar C. Dochcrty, E. M. Dochcrty. Mrs. E. M. Drake. Herbert E. Fales, Russell C. Fletcher, Miss Sara Magoon. Hattle S. Mowry, Harold C. Palmerton, Miss Lena P. Randall. L. A. Reynolds. Henry S. Scott, John A. Sonthwiek. E. L. Sonle. Miss M. R. Sullivan. Miss Mary E. Whitney. Mrs. Edward H. Whitehead. Mtss Clara Whitehead. Miss Minnie W. Connecticut. Conner. William J.. Annonla Lathrop, William M.. Waterhury New London (Conn.) Society. Gadman. Miss Alice B. Ives. Rev. Howard C. Oekford. Miss Bessie M. Perkins. Chas. C. Richardson. Mrs. Ida E. West fall. Miss Alice R. NEW YORK DIVISION. Sehmtd. Jos. Jr.. Buffalo. Moore, Miss Laura G. E. Aurora. Norwich. Van Busklrk, Miss Frances Judd, Mrs. E. A. Olean. Brooklyn! Barsky, Dr. Jos. Chlpp, Miss Katharine 8. Crane, George Arthur Hull, Miss Frazer C. Prnll. Miss Reba 8. Smith. Abram Lent. Whcrley, Prof. E. C. New York City. Brnlnerd, Gorge H. Chnrnas. Nathan Davis, J. Winter Hamilton. Geo. H. Hewitt, Hubert J. Zuchtmann, Simon Mnnhattanfl Group Bogle, Charles L. Bogle, Dr. Jessie T. Costes, A. A. Duff, Alexander Forman. Henry James Oyllenkrook. Miss Rosa Johnson, Paul B. Stoeppler, Miss L. F. CENTRAL DIVISION. New Jersey. Helsler, C. F., Elisabeth Slncox, K. F„ Elisabeth Van Duyne, T. J. M., Elizabeth Pennsylvania. Drelsbach. F. 8.. Allentown Earle. G. M.. Brookville Richardson, R. Kirk, California Richardson, Mrs. R. K.. Cal. Shnrbaugh, Plus, Carrolltown Rnnshenberg, C. H., Charlcrol Hlchs. F. T.. Erie Brnmer, Miss Lillian A., Lan- caster Sherwood, Dr. W. A., Lancaster Meadvllle, Pa. Gamble. Mrs. R. Bruce Hnas. Miss Florence Hnss. Miss Nellie Hnss. Roger W. Hnmnker, Dr. W. D. Hnrtman. Ed. McCoy. Adrian W. McCov. Mrs. A. W. McKlnney. Miss E. B. Trick. Alfred Walker. K. W. West, Miss Cora Pittsburg. Alexander, Charlotte Alexander. Kntherlne F. Bablts. Belle Etta Bear. H. J. Bear. Mrs. H. J. Culbertson. Mrs. L. ,T. Edchnrn. Miss Edith L. Flshhitrn. Mrs. S. S. nnlllday. Wm. B. La nor. Mrs. Edward McShnne. V. A. Tatton. Mrs. Helen D. Tedder, Mrs. C. J. Rplgelmlrp. Miss Irene Stedtng. Elsn Susan Rteding. Martha Catharine Rtoneman. Dr. M. Dllin Taylor. Nettle C. Wallln. Sven CAPITAL DIVISION. Parrot. L. A.. Richmond, Va. IIoff. Carl, nollins. Va. Osmena. Mariano V., Washing- ton Williamson. Clyde L.. Washing- ton Washington Society. Arnold. Chas. Beach. Henry A. Donehoo, Miss E. B. Hawhnrst, Henry Helling, Edwin A. Jarzembski, Vladlslaus Kurtz, Mrs. I. T. Lester, Robert T. Moore, Mrs. L. J. Preston, Fred A. Rndnick, Jacob Saunders, Miss Belle C Straub, Major Paul F. Wood, Mlsa M. E. SOUTHERN DIVISION. Hamblett, Arthur C. E„ Key West Judson, Alice G., Crowley, La. OrllUon, Geo. G., Crowley Way, Ivan M., Crowley La, OHIO VALLEY DIVISION. West Virginia. Kelm, Dr. R. 8.. Elk Garden Oyster, Dr. L. C., Lumbrport Zane, Mlsa Carrie, Wheeling Glen Bastoa Class. Carpenter. O. H. Grimes, Miss Lizzie Hnhbg, Blaine Peniek. C. M. Scrogglns, Miss Mand OHIO. Bennette, E. %.. Toledo Dnchs, Jos., Cincinnati Jnettner, Dr. A. F„ Cincinnati Stlerlln, E.. Cincinnati North Amherst. Baus. Mrs. Jacob Ebbs. Charles Frederick, Miss Florence Klasen, Lawrence Rogers, Mrs. Cleveland. Rohde. Miss Lotta Trepper, Alex Cleveland Society. Cannon, J. C. Cary. Miss Llda Coleman, O. B. Eastman. Miss Mabel Glllln. Miss Gertrnde Karpowsky. Emll Keske. Chas. E. Klmhall. Mrs. E. E. Knchs. Wm. McConnell. Elizabeth N. Maskey, C. L. Moore, C. G. Moore. Mrs. C. G. Rose. E. D. Osterhere. Alma 8. Willis. Mtss Harriett J. Indiana. Hawkins. Melville. D.. Bridge- port Bowers. M. A.. .Teffersotrrllle Von Hlnpel. Newberg Cook. Samuel Rnd, Roekport French. Oscar C. Terre Haute French. Mrs. Lorcna, Terre Hante Evansvllle. Bncon. Mrs. Albion Fellows Carroll. Percy Ravdln. Dr. M. E. R od eers. Herbert Welman. Mrs. John D. La Fellca KInhe. Greene, Josephine Tllersbnsh. Lllllsn Murphy. John Speed Tweedale. Lillian CENTRAL DIVISION. Colth. Alwvn. Sonth Haven. Mich. Robinson. 8. L., Detroit, Mich. Thannhetmer, Brnno, Detroit. AMERUtA ESPERANTISTO 27 Illinois. Allen, Lonls, Clinton Ferry, A. E., Elgin Krnse, Dr. C. V., Iola Johnson, Elmer, Sandwich. University of Illinois Clab. Barrera, Frederick A. Clark, Prof. V. A. Constant, Herbert M. Dang, Jat Yen Dexter, A. G. Gates, Frank C. Hanes, W. K. Klrcber, Edward A. T. Kirk, Howard R. McKee, F. W. Peres, C. S. Scbolnitzky, Isadore M. 8hn, Sen Kab Thai, Otto S. Watson, M. W. Chicago. Amster, Hathlas Kirkpatrlck, Dr. John A. Manrltsen, Thorwald Wallace, Hiss Evangeline Mew Chnrch Esperanto Clab. Gelger, Hiss Katharine D. Grnener, Hrs. C. B. McQueen, Alexander Ranch, Miss Clara Rancb, Hiss Eleonore Graduate Socleto. Cada, Jos. Holls. Dr. Jan Kaspar, Otto Kovafi, Steps n Llcka, K. Wisconsin. Behrens, Fred A., Elkhart Lake Fanlkes, Mrs. Emma, Basco Milwaukee. Banmstark, Hrs. A. Baker, Hiss Frances E. Clger, Arthur Herman, Flora Belle Johnson, David E. Jones, Ruth Pestalossl, H. B. Held, A. I. Struck, Hiss Agnes Tobey, Hiss Emelyn FHAIKIK DIVISION. Mehtoaen, Arthnr, Virginia, Hlnneaoto Bjornaas, 0. 0., Underwood, Minn. Stone, Robert B., Dee Holnes, Iowa Nebraska. Hnlbert, Bay G., Taylor Straight, Dr. John W., Hastings First Omaha Clab, Evening Class Aldrich, Hiss Bernlce Benson, Hiss Josephine Chestnut. Miss Mabel Eastman. J. B. Horn, Hiss Dora Jenson, Miss Anne Linn. Mrs. C. G. McCnlley, D. E. McKay. Hlas Agnes Mnlrhead, A. L. Hulrhead, Hrs. A. L. Trimmer, Rudolph Walker, Hiss Madge Wallace, Miss Ruth Weethman, Wni. White, Hiss Katharine Whltehell, W. B. Wray, Mrs. Frank H. Missouri. Durham, Col. Robert, St. Loots Hunstock, Robert H., St. Lonls Port, A. G., St. Joseph Relterman, Hopkins Yeater, Charles E., Sedalla SOUTHWESTERN DIVISIOM. Hyd, John L., Tlliar, Ark. Wells, Elbert L., Jr., Marshall, Texas. Kansas. Clarke, Mrs. Ellen A.. Bronson Gamp, Joseph, Dlghton Houston, Miss Josephine, Gueda Springs Mitchell, C. B., Gneda Springs Mitchell, H. A., Gueda Springs Suits, Geo., Klasley Smith, Harold II., Lawrence Seyfer, Robert P., Mulvane McCarter, James, Plercevllle Alberty, E. W., Pittsburg Hyers, Miss Maud, Valley Falls Lewis Clab. Chalk, Edward Clearman, Miss Alene Hammond, J. H. Hanson, Cbas. C. Holmes, Prof. John A. McChrlsty, Elmer ■adcllffe. Alfred Weese, Thomas J. Taylor, Miss Annabel Oklahoma Dooley. Boscoe Ervln, Lngert Morris. Cbas. G., Kiel Mots Louis, Kingfisher Peer. A. L., Tonkawa Selillecker, August Vlnlta Judd, Dr. Herbert H., Wallace, Idaho Kochonls, Geo., Garfield, Utah Colorado. Felnherg, Maurice I., Denver Chnrette. Geo., Fort Collins Charette, Mrs. Geo.. Fort Collins Colorado Springs Society. Allen, Mnrgnret H., Miss Baker, Miss Jessie Bnrry. Miss Katharine E. Benttie. Miss Grnce M. Berry. Miss Julia M. Blrchby, Wm. Noel Brooks. Miss Clara C. Chnedle, Mrs. Carrie S. Cheley, Frank Cuppnge, Miss Jean G. Denis, Miss Adelaide Fnrnnm, Miss Jessica Fisher. Theodore M. Olttlngs, Miss Ella B. .Tonson, Wm. H. Jordan, Miss Harriet E. Gledhlll. Miss Carrie .Tonson, Wm. H. Jordan, Miss Harriet E. Langley, Miss Myuia C. Lawler, J. C. Loud, Miss Mabel W. Loud, Frank H. Love, Miss Mary E. McAllister, Miss Matilda McCrosky, Miss Anna McCrosky, Miss Mary McKeehan, Miss Grace C. McMillan, Miss Pearl B. Mullaney, John F. Noyes, Atherton Porter, Mrs. L. S. Pugsley, Mlsa Sarah Schlesslnger, Miss Ruby P. Schmidt, Wllhelm Slnton, Earnest A. Slnton, Wm. B. Stevenson, Jas. W. Titna, E. C. Washington. Hopkins, Wm. F., Milton Clam Verda Klubo (Tacoma.) Adams, John L. Applegate, Harry E. Baker, Mra. I. M. Gibson, D. W. Gibson, Miss Eva E. Gallons, John GrlV&th, Mrs. M. E. Hand, Miss Edith Llston, Miss Florence Minor, Mrs Fannie Wood, John L. Wood, Mrs. J. W. Lsrchmoat. Clark, Miss Ida Gras, Mrs. Cecilia Grass, Miss Lena Johnson, Miss Nina Miller, Mra. Smith, Mra. L. Smith, Francis California. Griffith. Guy F., Santa Rosa. Guerard. Albert Leon, Stanford University a Los Angeles Society. Bond, Ralph Dixon, Frederick Arthnr Dower, John Trontmnn. Miss Virginia Cnlv. of Southern Calif. Society Bach, W. L. Boiler. Stanley Cone, Miss Bnby V. Powds. Ray W. Engbreeht. J. J. Elllngson. Mlas Alma von Flngerlln. Prof. E. TTalfpennv. Miss Ida Healy, Dr. E. A. Mnnn. Miss Prlnee. G. R. Roberts. Mr. Seott. B. D. Seott. H. D. CANADA Bnursln. Henry. Barkervllle, B.C. SOUTH AFRICA Oummfhgs, Miss Anna M.. Wel- lington. Cape of Good Hope ti FINO DE LA OFICIALA PARTO & Digitized by Google 28 THE INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE The dominant element in society to-day is Trade. It has fostered invention and developed* organizations which are overreaching national boundaries and overshadowing national govern- ments. A nundred years ago, the only way to get a cargo of tea from Japan would have been to send a fleet of war vessels. Today, a few words written in a telegraphic code, a tew electrical vibrations committed to a copper wire, set in motion international machinery which stores the tea safely In the hold of the first out- going vessel. In its search for profitable buying and selling markets, Trade has disseminated many new con- cepts. . it has taught us much tolerance. We hud only contempt and horror for the civiliza- tion, morals and religion of the heathen. Trade has taught us to love his rugs and pottery, to tolerate his morals, and to shrug our shoulders wisely at his religion. In all the busy ferment of the new conditions which Trade has brought about, the Interna- tional language has only a general object—do help the process of change and fermentation. The boundaries of the nations are obliterated, or practically so, as concerns the interchange of merchandise; but owing to the diversity of lan- guages the assimiliatlon of customs and Ideas is greatly impeded. The nations of the world, estranged for years by the interexistence of seas and mountains, find themselves suddenly in process of "getting acquainted" by the inven- tion of the steamship, railroad, telegraph, etc. And this process of getting acquainted is most seriously Impeded by the lack of a common language. You meet, for the first time, your two-year- old nephew. His attitude is friendly, but your conversation with him is hampered because you cannot understand him. Then the mothr inter- venes with the explanation that "di-da" is his private word for "kitty-cat," that "woo-woo" means "dog," and after a few moments you are on easy and intimate terms, by means of an interpreter. This Is exactly what happens between the nations, and the system of interpretation is un- satisfactory because it is expensive and inade- quate. That a certain object or idea which is the same in all the world should have, in a hundred different places, as many different names, Is a condition of affairs consistent only with the age when men cculd not travel as they now do, and could not receive literature and news from lorelgn countries. Esperanto meets the needs of the case by offering a language which is adequate for all the needs of conversation, commerce and litera- ture, which has for its basis tbe common ele- ments of the principal European languages. One who has not had occasion to study or examine languages other than English can hardly under- stand how another language, which, when spok- en, sounds absolutely strange and foreign, may yet be composed in two-thirds of Its whole from elements which are also a part of English. Take, for example, the idea of motion. In four languages besides English, to move is expressed respectively by the words mouvoir (French), muocere (.Italian), mover (Spanish and Portu- guese). The idea to cease is expressed by cesser (French), cessare (Italian), cesar (Span- ish), cessar (Portuguese), cessieren (German). I rom these words, so nearly alike, the maker of uu international language would take mov to express the Idea of motion and ces the idea of cessation. There are other words still more Internation- al. Talent is the same in English, French and German; it is talento in Italian, Spanish and Portuguese; while such words as automobile, telephone, photograph, are, except for national variations in spelling and pronunciation, the same throughout the entire world. The author of Esperanto simply searched out these international words, reduced them to the simplest spelling, gave them a pronunciation ac- cording to the spelling, broadened their appli- cation by a system of prefixes and suffixes, and with a grammar so simple that its rules can be printed on a postal card the language was com- plete. It Is not a creation or an invention, but an adaptation. Esperanto and Science. When we come to consider the possible scope which an international language might assume in the course of years, the field offers such an opportunity for speculation that conservatism is necessary in order not to startle the stranger with the vastness of the vision. Esperantlsts unanimously disclaim any desire to push aside even the most unimportant national language. Esperanto, according to the plans of its advo- cates and users, is to be simply a means of communication between those who have without it no common tongue. All educated people are to possess a knowledge of Esperanto besides their own language, and thus equipped, they can make themselves understood by similarly well- educated people in any part of the world. Books on important subjects of international Interest are to be printed in Esperanto. For example, medical experts In Toklo, St Petersburg, Ber- lin, Paris and London are working to secure certain results along certain lines. In order to "compare notes" and give each other the bene- fit of their discoveries, their reports must be printed in five languages, they must be trans- lated, all must know a common language or each must know all five of the languages cur- rent in the five different cities. We cannot believe that anything of the kino occurs. The simple fact is that although men whose work is so valuable to humanity have to waste years of their lives In the study of language, which is wholly outside their real sphere of usefulness, they still remain to a greater or less extent In Ignorance of each other's progress—a circumstance due more to diversity of languages than to any other one cause. In such a field Esperanto presents a precise vehicle for the scientific monograph, and the man who desires to devote his whole life to a single subject will not be compelled to turn aside for six or seven years to study foreign Digitized by VjOOQlC AMEBTKA ESPEBANTISTO 29 languages, because the labors of his colleagues in other nations will be faithfully reported through the whole world in the world language —Esperanto. lne scope of an international language as an aid to the tourist is hardly more important thun its function us an incentive to travel. To ue sure, the people of all nations travel much more today than ever before, yet it is hardly within the realm of doubt that mauy more people would travel were it not lor the certain embarrassment which ovetakes him who jour- neys in a country whose language he does not know—an embarrassment not only moral, but financial, us the "foreigner" is the legitimate prey of all human carnivore. "See America t first" is an ingeuiuus catch-line for the adver- tising of local resorts and hotels, as well as a convenient refuge for those who tear a for- eign trip because of the language difficulties. Certainly, if one is studying geology or botany, ne may readily confine himself to America tor life. But if be is studying art, music, or so- ciology, bis conclusions with regurd to things American will rest on firmer ground if he is able to compare tbem with things European. Even at the present stage, Esperanto has de- veloped so far that every one of Its adherents is possessed of an earnest desire to travel, a perfect confidence tfia he can "make himself at home" in any foreign country. A Wide Field for Writers. Esperantists are not all of one opinion as to tne merits of their language for literature. Mauy hold to the purely theoretical viewpoint that such a language should be limited to other fields, but the publication and sale of immense quantities of translations of the best literature trom all tongues lends much strength to the opposite opinion—that the best of all literature can, through Esperanto, be made available for the whole world without the expeuse (or im- possibility) of multiplied translations and re- prints. Several hundred books have been trans- lated into Esperanto, and the reception given the few original works which have appeared indicates tbat ample recompense awaits tue genius wbo will create an original literature in the language. Certain it is tbut the day is not far distant when the writer wbo seeks to address the entire world will make his re- marks in Esperanto. Music and the Drama. The music printer of the present day, in pub- lishing a song for which he expects a limited sale, prints the text in English, French and German. An opera libretto Is usually printed In at least two languages, both of which are frequently "Greek" to part of the audience. Sometimes a "star" blares forth a plain state- ment of fact in Italian, and it is echoed by the chorus in English; frequently a French Bo- rneo sings love to a German Juliet, and they are afterwnrd married in Italian on the same stage, before the same audience. Since most opera singers regard consonants as beneath their notice and sing only the vowels, Esperanto offers a compromise by which much expeuse can.be saved in printing, if nothing more, and the audience will understand quite as much as ever before. The possibility of au international drama in the larger cities by means of Esperanto is by no means a visionary idea. A heavy classic drama, "Iphigenla in Tauris," translated into Esperanto from the German of Schiller, was presented by a professional company in Dresden during the Fourth Esperanto Congress, and was a pronounced success. "Aspasia," a classic drama from the Polish, a comedy from the Russian, several of Shakespeare's plays—these represent only a small fraction of the total amount of dramatic material already available in Esperanto. At the Third Congress in Eng- land, "She Stoops to Conquer" was presented in Esperanto by eleven actors, each of whom had learned his part in his own country—and they represented eleven different countries! Esperanto and World Trade. ( Just as the international standards of measure- ment have been opposed by vested Interests seek- ing to promote tbeir own standards, so doubt- less any advocacy of Esperanto as a means of international trade would be opposed by the same interests. For example, a Massachusetts textile manufacturer claims that the English inch, foot and yard are superior in convenience to the meter and centimeter, because they are more used iu China, wblch had an opportunity to choose! Possibly tbe Chinaman found the goods themselves superior. At any rate, this manufacturer will regret to learn that, if he calls in any American or English surgeon of high standing to measure the thickness of his skull, the figures will be given him in milli- meters, or possibly centimeters! However, modern business methods are fast driving out national competition, and business corporations of world-wide scope are to be tbe order of tne future. Tbe science of advertising must be called into play in educating the peo- ple to use the products of new factories. Doubt- less the most vigorous advertising appeal can always be made through the national languages, but for mere purposes of listing and prices, a severely condensed catalogue printed in Esper- anto presents a possible saving of vast sums of money. It is absolutely certain tbat the superi- or precision of Esperanto, the fact that the meaning of an ordinary business letter would not be open to question renders it much more desirable for commerce between New York and Paris than poorly-written French or badly-un- derstood English. At any rate, local trade in- terests of Dresden (tbe home of the famous royal pottery kilns) immediately after the Esper- anto Congress there, established commercial courses in the language under tbeir patronage. The London Chamber of Commerce has for several years taught Esperanto in its commercial scuools. 77ie International Parliament. It can only be a matter of a few years until the governments of the world will establish an international court and parliament But pend- ing that happy or unhappy event, we have dozens of international conventions, at which Esperanto is already used to some extent, an* Digitized by VjOOQlC 30 AMERHtA ESPERANTISTO must in time crowd out other languages. The proceedings at such conventions ure wonderfully favorable to the introduction of Esperanto. For example, a speaker addresses the convention In French. He is oppressed by the knowledge that less than half the audience understand him. The rest are bored. If the speech is long a few fall asleep or leave the place. Then the speech is translated. The speaker may not know whether the translation Is as he would wish it. Those who have beard it before can now- near It a second time, In a language they do or do not understand. If the translation Is In German It Is followed by another In English. Think of Introducing a resolution, reading it In three languages, debating it in three lan- guages, voting it in three languages, in a little convention whose time is worth $1.000 per hour, or a big one whose expense bill is $10,000 per minute No wonder that W. T. Stead, of the London Review of Reviews sent his famous telegram "From the war conference at The Hague to the real peace (Esperanto) congress at Cambridge."! Esperanto in Practical Use. Though we have enumerated but a few of the uses which can be made of an international language, others will readily suggest themselves to the mind of the reader, and with them the question: "Just how practical Is this Esperanto? We confess the great need of an international language—does Esperanto meet the require- ments?" "Can It be easily learned, by nny person, as to reading, writing and speaking?" "Can it express sufficiently fine shades of meaning?" The first question Is quickly answered by the language Itself, and we ask the reader to turn to the three-page synopsis of Esperanto and consider the simplicity of the grammar. It Is a fact, attested by hundreds of proofs, that two persons of fair Intelligence, knowing no other common tongue, can study Esperanto separatery and alone, from text-books; and at their first meeting converse quite readily in the language! That this is impossible with any national lan- guage need not be added, and the Esperanto letter which the average student writes after a week of study Is more precise and clear than most of the "English" letters sent out by French business firms. As to the second question, one must take the testimony of those who have read many works in the original, with translations in Esperanto. Certainly the translations of Shakes- peare leave the Impression that something Is lncking. But for that matter so does Shakes- peare in German, French, Spanish or Italian. On the other hand, the Book of Ecclesiastes, which abounds In forceful statement and vivid figures of speech, is fully equal In the Esper- anto translation to the English version. In rending "La Farnono," a novel translated from the Polish, the Esperantist reader feels him- self as resistlessly carried with the current of events as though he were reading "Ivnnhoe" or '»The Last Days of Pom|>ell." All in all, It may be said that Esperanto presents an abundant fund of excellent material to the writer who will cultivate Its use; while the enormous output of translations is in Itself suf- ficient evidence of its adaptability, for this pur- IMjse. What Has Been Achieved? First, Esperanto has overcome the prejudice which the failure of Volapuk, twenty years ago, left in the popular mind. It has clearly demonstrated that an international language is wonderfully easy—the most essential thing be- ing to get the nations to agree upon one sys- tem—and that its possibilities are boundless. By the faithful persistence of Its advocates no less than by Its own superiority It has brought to its support all the people of the world who see In an international language a modern, practical affair for every-day use. It has held four International conventions, attended by representatives from thirty or more different countries. At all of these the facility of learning to speak and understand the lan- guage was fully attested by witnesses whose credibility is beyond the snadow of doubt At the first of these, held In France to 1906, a public declaration was adopted placing Esper- anto forever beyond the experimental touch of theorists and leaving to the writers and users of the language the work of Its continuous and gradual Improvement This declaration has giv- en it the confidence of publishers, and many or the largest firms In Europe and America now publish books and periodicals to Esperanto. rite severest test of such a language (the pos- sible schism among Its followers over revisions, which caused the downfall of Volapuk) has been Ktanchly resisted by Esperanto. Since the first (ongres8 six or eight different systems involving theoretical changes have been advanced. Most of them have passed unnoticed by any except their authors, while the most successful has not accomplished anything more threatening than a temporary "scare" and the possible dcflecUon of lees than one per cent of the total Esperanto following. . Esperanto Organisations. There are In the world today more than nm* hundred Espertanto societies, representing prac- tically every country on earth. In Toklo, Auck- land, Calcutta, Jerusalem, Tunis, Algeria, Rome, Madrid, Budapest, Paris, Berlin, Geneva, Copen- hagen, Stockholm, London, Brussels, Montreal, Washington, San Francisco—there is hardly a large city In any quarter of the globe without an Esperanto society. There are international Esperanto organizations of Good Templars, Red Cross, Christian Endeavor, Physicians, Aero- nauts, Teachers, Philatelists, Tourists, Socialists, Police, and others. At the last Esperanto con- gress thirty or forty side meetings were held by specialists in these various lines. The lan- guage Is being very seriously taken np by Free Masons throughout the world, and Its use Is being advocated In every organization of Intra- national scope Periodicals. The most substantial evidence of the wide dis- semination and solid growth of Esperanto 1* the great number of periodicals wholly devoted to it. Many of these are as well-established as AMERTKA ESPERANTISTO 81 the periodicals of any language, others are so- ciety and propaganda organs. In all there are between sixty and seventy Esperanto journals, of which many are devoted to special subjects. Among these are a journal for physicians, one for teachers, for Christian Endeavorers, Catho- lics, Socialists, Police, Y. M. C. A.. Stenography, the Blind, Science, World Peace, Youth, Labor, Free Thought, Humor, Philately, etc. Government Recognition. The Government of Belgium was the first to recognise Esperanto by sending an official dele- gate to the Third World Convention, In Eng- land, 1907. In Germany, 1908, the United States government was represented, through the War Department, by Major Paul F. Straub, while the government of Japan was represented through Its Department of Education, and the king of Saxony was the patron of the conven- tion. As a result of Major Straub's report, published In full In the Army and Ifavy Register, January 16th, and in the February number of Amerika Esperantisto, the Secretary of War has recommended: "That the study of Esperanto In the military service should be encouraged, as it is believed that the proposed International lan- guage Is destined to play an Important role In international Intercourse." Why Learn Esperanto T Esperanto is the quintessence of modern Europ- ean languages. It has aptly been called "the least common multiple of them all." Wholly aside from its literature, its International or- ganization, its present value and its future promise for tourist, writer, scientist, professor, manufacturer and tradesman, it is well worth a few months' study as a means of linguistic cult- ure But it appeals with especial force to the idealist—to the advocate of International peace, to the propagandist with a world to conquer for nis new Idea, to the religionist with a world to convert to his faith. To every student it gives a gratifying uplift and a widened boriz-on. To the person who Is seeking mental culture of the kind that supplies its own Inspiration and gen- erously rewards the student for every hour de- voted to It, we offer you the assurance and ad- vice of a million people, from every quarter of the globe, who have already done so: Learn Esperanto I The Internacia Pedagogia Revuo (Interna- tional Review of Pedagogy) Is one of the recent additions to the long list of Esperanto periodic- als. "I would rather see Esperanto taught in our high school than Latin" is the verdict of the Mayor of Lewis, Kansas. A year ago this same mayor was ridiculing Esperanto as "vis- ionary." Persistent work on the part of our propagandists can place Esperanto In place of Latin in hundreds of schools this year. Among the new publications in Esperanto Is the Export Esperantist, published at Chicago. Its purpose Is to aid in extending American trade abroad and in quickly Introducing new articles of American manufacture. Subscrip- tion price, fl.00 per year. A PLEA FOR ESPERANTO. Dr. Elmer E. Haynes, In an article published by the Journal of the American Medical Asso- ciation, says: It is strange that any one living in this age of Invention, using dally the railway, telephone, automobile, and the thousand other artificial im- provements, should object to an artificial lan- guage. In our utilitarian world the only ques- tions that should be considered In selecting a tongue for International use are: 1. Does It answer all requirements of com- munication as well as or better than any other? 2. How does It compare with others in dif- ficulty of acquirement? 3. What are the relative obstacles In the way of Its adoption by all nations? I submit that the only language that satis- factorily fulfils the above demands Is Esperanto, because: 1. Four great international world congresses have fumy shown that Esperanto Is adequate to express Ideas of every character. Technical terms already used internationally are changed only enough to make them conform to the Esper- anto endings. Medical writers will find that Esperanto will convey as clearly as German all shades of meaning. 2. That Esperanto Is more easily learned than any other modern language Is due to the fact that the obstacles met with in most modern languages do not exist in the new tongue: (a) The spelling is absolutely phonetic and deals with elementary sounds easily acquired by any one. no matter what his native language. Ex- perience has shown that people of all nationali- ties pronounce this language with the least resi- dual native accent, (b) There are no exceptions to any grammatical rule and only 16 rules! (c) There are no Irregularities of word formation, and the inflections for person, number, case, tense, etc., are reduced to a minimum, (d) There are few synonyms and no words with the snme sound and different meanings, except as the un- foreseen results of word building, (e) It Is more widely International In its elements than any other tongue, (f) It has a system of word building which renders it one of the most flexible mediums In the world for exact and varied ex- pressldn. and at the same time does away with five-sixths of the vocabulary ordinarily to be memorized by the student of a new language. 3. Having no race prejudices or national Jealousies to comhnt. as any national tongue will always have. Esperanto has a great advantage In the race for International preferment, I have learned more Esperanto In eleven- months (since I first took It up from reading the note In The Journal. November 30, 1907) in the odd moments of a busy practice than I have heen ahle to learn of French and German since I began their study In college 1893. In the- brief period named I have learned to read' Esperanto readily without dictionary, to write- it easily and to speak it slowly. That Is many- times Is well as I have done with either of the- other languages. Frankly. I doubt If I ever could master the French pronunciation or the- German gender and construction. And a lot of smarter people than T am are- In. the same fix. THE PRESENT WORLD STATUS OF ESPERANTO Algeria: There are a number of Esperanto societies In this country, whose organ Is Afrika Esperantisto. It Is announced that the Interna- tional congress of Climatology to be held In Algiers this year will employ Esperanto, and circulars have been issued In the language. Argentina: Although Esperanto is not as firmly established In Argentina as in other South American countries, there are a number of Esperantlsts in the republic. Efforts are now being made to found societies and place Argen- tina among the countries where Esperanto is widely used. Australia: In this far-off part of the world there Is a flourishing Esperanto • movement, which possesses Its own organ, The Australian Esperantist. Clubs exist in many cities and In nearly all of the states. Austria: Esperanto Is very strong through- out Austria. There Is an active and energetic national association, and about 70 local socie- ties. The association publishes a monthly Jour- nal Informaj Rapnrto). Esperanto Is favored by the public authorities and taught In many seml- puhlle Institutions. A number of societies exist in Vienna, where Esperanto Is especially strong. Belgium: Belgium now has forty Esperanto societies. The official organ of the Belgium Es- peranto League Is Bclga Esperantisto. Esper- anto Is taught In the Institute for the Blind at Woluwe, with great success. Bohemia: Esperanto is very strong in this part of the Austrian Empire. There are two national associations, each of which has Its own organ. The Esperanto movement in Bohemia has been long established and the Bohemian Es- perantlsts are among the most faithful and en- thusiastic partisans of the International lan- guage. The center of the movement Is in Prague, the ancient capital of Bohemia, where there are a number of Esjieranto clubs, and two periodicals. Bolivia: An Esperanto club exists in La Paz, founded In 1005. Its membership Includes many prominent persons of the Bolivian capital. Brazil: Brazil, one of the most progressive countries of South America, Is very active-In the Esperanto movement. There are twenty local organizations in various parts of the countrv. An Esperanto Journal Brazila Esperantisto is puhlishcd In Rio de Janeiro. A national con- vention of Esperantlsts was held last year in Rio de Janeiro, which was attended by 1.200 Bra- zilian Esperantlsts. Bulgaria: This country was one of the first In the world to rally to the support of Esperanto. Esperanto Journals existed in Bulgaria as far back as 1880. There are twenty societies In Bul- garia and a Journal Lumo. A national congress of Bulgarian Esperantlsts was held in Shumen in 1008. The smaller nations such as the Bul- garian naturally feel most the need of an auxil- iary language and are therefore most enthusias- tic in its behalf. Canada: Canada has the honor of having established, in 1004. the first Esperanto club and publication In North America. There are now a number of societies in all parts of the domin- ion, most of them being allied to the Esperanto Association of North America. Canary Islands: There are several Esper- anto societies In these Islands. Central America: There are a number of Es- perantlsts scattered throughout the various re- publics of Central America and a group exists at Guatemala City. Central Americans as a rule, however, are too busy engineering revolu- tions to give much time to the Esperanto move- ment. Ceylon: An Esperanto Society has Just been founded in Colombo, the first In Ceylon, but be- yond doubt, not the last Chile: In this country In the last year Es- peranto has been wonderfully successful, thanks to the enthusiasm and devotion of the Chilian Esperantlsts. There are now 39 societies In ex- istence, chile has three Esperanto Journals. Esperanto) Skribaĵo), Cila Esperantisto and La Du Stelo). China: The Chinese, true to their policy of conservatism and contempt for modern Ideas, have taken but little Interest In Esperanto. The gradual invasion of the Flowery Kingdom by oc- cidental civilization is forcing upon them, how- ever, a realization of the necessity for an Inter- national language. Mr. Wu Ting-fang, the Chi- nese minister to the United States, has cham- pioned Esperanto and is now studying the lan- guage. In view of the fact that Chinese Is split up Into a multitude of dialects and Is unsuitable for many purposes, a movement Is now being agitated to secure tue adoption of Esperanto In China for commercial purposes. Many mission- aries are enthusiastic Esperantlsts and one of them. Rev. G. H. Hubbard, of Shanghai. Is plan- ning to Issue a Journal In Esperanto for the Chinese. Cuba: The Cuban Esperantisto Society is carrying on an active propaganda for Esperanto in the island. It counts among Its members many distinguished and influential persons, among others an ex-presldent of San Domingo. We learn from Kuba Stelo, official organ of the Esperanto movement In Cuba, that Espernnto Is now being taught In a number of educational institutions. The stronghold of Esperanto In Cuba is the city of Santiago, but there are also many Esperantlsts in Havana and other cities. Denmark:: There are many Esperantlsts in Denmark and a number ot societies exist The Central Esperanto League publishes a monthly Journal Dana Esperantisto. A publishing firm In Copenhagen has recently Issued a guide-book to Copenhagen In Esperanto. Egypt: A club exists at Khartoum, whose membership is composed of Arabs, Syrians. Egyptians, etc. There are many individual Es- perantlsts in Cairo. Alexandria, Port Said and other parts of Egypt. Fiji Islands: Espernnto Is taught In the Royal School ;.t Levuka to an enthusiastic class of about thirty young i ijians. France: France, always In the van of prog- ress, is well to the front in the Esperanto move ment. It Is In great part owing to the enthusi- asm and energy of French Esperantlsts that the A FEW ESPERANTO PERIODICALS-DR. ZAMENHOF, AUTHOR OF ESPERANTO iSoogit Digitized by 34 AMERIKA ESPERANTISTO language has progressed so remarkably of late years. There are 220 Esperanto clubs In France; hardly a town but hns Its society. In Paris 79 courses In Esperanto are conducted; the Paris society has over 1,000 members. Nine Esperanto Journals are published In Paris and ten In other French cities. In Paris is located the Central Office of Esperanto and the Oflciala Gazeto Esperantista Is published here, so that Paris may be considered the headquarters of Esperanto. The French Society for the Propa- ganda of Esperanto Is the oldest of the nntlonal associations and Its work has contributed ma- terially towards the success and prosperity of Esperanto. Many eminent Frenchmen are Es- pernntlsts. Including a number of members of the Frencn Academy. Jules Verne, the late nov- elist, was an Esperantist and at tne time of his death was engaged In writing a novel In which Esperanto played a prominent part. Germany: Tne great success of the Fourth International congress of Esperantists. which was held In Dresden, Germany, has created a great Interest in Esperanto throughout the whole German Empire. New clubs are being formed constantly and those already existing are highly prosperous. Eight Esperanto Journals are pub- lished In Germany and many newspapers publish regular departments for Esperanto. The Ger- man Esperanto Society, founded In 190«, hns done much to unify the Esperanto movement in Germany and to establish It In Its present state. Its organ Germana Experantisto is one of the most valuable of all Esperanto publications. There are now about 115 Esperanto societies in Germany. The language is taught In the public schools of Gotha. After the close of the Dres- den congress there was founded an "Esperanto Institute." with the object of enabling German manufacturers to profit by the use of Esper- anto, which soon had 1,500 members. This insti- tute has now been made official, and the King of Saxony, who occupied the position of honor- ary president of the Esperanto congress, hns accepted the same office In the Esperanto Insti- tute. Great Britain: This country Is second In the world In the number of Esperanto clubs, hav- ing over 175. The British Esperanto Associa- tion ranks among the most energetic of all Es- peranto organizations. Its successful manage- ment of the Third Esperanto congress, in 1908. did much to give Esperanto a strong position before the world. Lord Roberts, the fnmous English general, Is honorary president of the association, whose membership also Includes many other distinguished persons. Its organ. The British Esperantist. Is one of the best of the Esperanto Journals. There are also two other journals published In Great Britain. Tn no country Is the Esperanto movement better organ- ized or more prosperous, than In this. One proof of this is shown In the fact that the study of Esperanto was introduced into forty public schools of Great Britain during the past year. Esperanto Is taught In the schools of the London County Council and recognized by the London < nnmher of Commerce as equal to French, Ger- man and other leading modern languages. Greece: Clubs exist in Athens. Patmos and elsewhere In Greece. A magazine Greklinpva Experantisto Is published for Greek Esperant- ists. Besides the clubs In Greece Itself there are a number of others among the Greek Inhab- itants of various parts of Turkey. Guinea: There are many Esperantists In all the French colonies of Western Africa. A club exists In Konakry. on the river Niger. Holland: There are twenty Esperanto groups In this country and a journal In Esperanto La Holanua Pioniro is published. A number of clubs have been formed among the laborers. Hungary: There are a number of Esper- anto groups In this country and two journals devoted to Esperanto. An association exists for carrying on the propaganda of Esperanto In the Adriatic provinces, whose president Is Baron a orczy. Ireland: In this Island there are many Es- perantists, especially In Rejkjavlk, the capital. India: There are a number of Esperanto groups In India, wnose membership comprises both English residents and native Hindus. Sev- eral of the native princes are Interested In Es- peranto and have contributed liberally towards the expenses of the Esperanto congresses. A Journnl is published by the society In Calcutta. /faf)/" There are many Esperantists In Italy, the center of the movement being Rome, where the Italian Esperanto Journal Roma Esperantisto Is published. Clubs exist also at Florence, Pal- ermo. Naples, Milan and other cities. Japan: In this country Esperanto Is re- ceived with enthusiasm and has made great progress In the last iew years. There Is now a strong nntlonal association, with many affiliated clubs. An Interesting journal Japana Esperan- tisto Is published by the association. Japan has recognized Esperanto officially, being represented at the congress In Dresden by Dr. Shlrmura. of the Imperial University. Count Hayasbi, Jap- anese minister of Foreign Affairs, Is president of the Japanese Esperanto Association and a very enthusiastic Esperantist. The Minister of Public Instruction Is also favorable to Esper- anto and Intends to Introduce the study of the language Into tne publls schools. It Is expected that the Esperanto congress of 1912 will be held in Japan during the exposition at Osaka. Madagascar: There are many Esperantists In tnis French dependency. Two clubs exist In Tananarive, one of French officials and resi- dents, the other composed of native Malagasis. One of the latter, who rejoices In the riotous name of Ramamonjisoa, writes very enthusias- tically about the prospects of the Esperanto movement In his country. Malta: In luis island there are five active Esperanto groups and the Esperanto propaganda is being pushed energetically among the Mal- tese. Mexico: In this country there are about ten Esperanto societies and three Esperanto jour- nals, Meksika Revuo. Verda Btelo and Esper- anto Gazeto. The Mexican Esperantists are very enthusiastic and Esperanto Is very suc- cessful in their land. It Is planned to hold the first national congress of Mexican Esperantists this year, which will undoubtedly do much to un- ify and strengthen the movement In that coun- try. Moresnef. This Is a little neutral state lo- cated at the Intersection of Germany. Holland and Belgium. A project hns been started by M. Roy to establish here an Esperanto resort, and already the majority of the Inhabitants have Digitized by VjOOQlC AMERIKA ESPERANTISTO 35 learned Esperanto and It is being taught in the scuoola. a or way: There are many Esperautists and several clubs in Norway. A new journal has just appeared. The king of Norway has ex- pressed himself very favorably towards Esper- anto. Panama: There is no organized movement in this country but there are many Esperautists among the employees of the Canal Commission and it is probable that a society will soon be formed among them. Peru: A club has existed in Lima since 1903 whicu publishes a Journal Antauen Esperantistoj. The club is giveu official support by the Peru- vian government Philippine»: The Filipina Esperantista Aso- cio has done much to establish Esperanto iu the archipelago. There are ten local clubs in vari- ous parts of the country. Esperanto has beeu taught in the leper colonies, where all of the many languages of the Philippines are repre- sented, with great success. The membership of the association includes Spaniards, Americans, Filipinos and other nationalities. Many of tne most eminent persons in the Philippines are Esperautists. The Superintendent of Education, who is an Esperantist, intends to introduce Esperanto soon into the schools. Filipina Esper- antisto, the organ of Esperanto in the archipel- ago, is published in Esperanto, Spanish, English and Tagalog. Poland: Naturally in this country, the birth- place of Esperanto, the movement is strong. A nourishing cluo exists in Warsaw, the home of Dr. Zamemiof, which publishes an official organ Pola Esperanlisto, noteworthy on account of the literary value of its contents. A number of clubs are found In other parts of Poland. Portugal: Qroups exist in Oporto and Lis- bon but the Esperanto movement is not as strong in Portugal as in other European countries. However, Portugal has a few devoted and enthu- siastic Esperantista, who, it is to be hoped, will soon remove this blot from the fair name of their country. Roumania: Although this country has be- come active in the Esperanto movement only in the last year or so, there are already several thousand Esperantists in Roumania, a number of clubs and two journals in Esperanto. Queen Elizabeth of Roumania. better known as Car- men ~ylva, has established courses in Esperan- to in a school for the blind, of which she is pa- troness, and is much interested in tlie interna- tional language. Russia: There are many Esperantists In Russia and strong societies exist In St. Peters- burg, Moscow, and elsewhere, about twelve in all. The Important Russian educational and art society VJestnik Zonula publishes its organ, Espero, In parallel columns, Russian and Esper- anto. Count Tolstoy, the fainuos Russian writer, has been for many years an Esperantist. Servia: There are mnny Esperantists In Ser- vla but no organization exists. A text book for Servians has recently been published. South Africa: There are groups In Pretoria, Natal and other parts of South Africa. A missionary Is teaching Esperanto to a class of thirty young Zulus. Siberia: There are many Esperanto societies and a large number of isolated Esperantists In this country. The clnb at Vladivostok was founded in 1901. Spain: The fact that the next international congress of Esperantists will he held In Bar- celona has greatly Increased the prosperity of the movement In Spain, although Spain has al- ways been a stronghold of Esperanto. In. Bar- celona alone forty-six courses in Esperanto are already being taught The province of Barcel- ona has appropriated $10,000 to be used in In- troducing the language into the public schools. There is no room for doubt that this will be the most successful Esperanto congress yet held and will add greatly to the prestige of Esperanto before the world. There are ninety Esperanto societies in Spain and three Esperanto Journals are published. The Catalonians especially are enthusiastic Esperantists and are laboring with euergy to make the Fifth a record breaker. Sweden: In this country Esperanto has se- cured a firm footing and Swedish Esperantists hope before loty» to hold the international Es- peranto congress In their country. Their nation- al organization publishes a Journal, Esperantist- en. The International Order of Good Templars, whose grand master Is a Swede, has adopted Esperanto officially as Its medium for interna- tional communication. Switzerland: Owing to the fact that four languages are spoken in various parts of this small country, the Swiss are well able to realize the need of an International language and have rallied to Esperanto with enthusiasm. Probab- ly In proportion to population Esperanto Is stronger in Switzerland than anywhere else. Geneva, where the second annual congress was held in 1906, is an important Esperanto center. Here Is published the Internacia Scienca Revuo, an Important scientific Journal In Esperanto. The headquarters of the International Scienti- fic Association, which uses Esperanto exclusively, are located In Geneva, and Its head, M. Rene de Snussure, member of a family Illustrious In the scientific world, is a prominent Esperantist Switzerland has over fifty Esperanto societies and five Esperanto Journals. Tunis: There are several Esperanto clubs and mnny Esperantists In Tunis. ( Turkey: There are mnny Individual Esper- antists In European Turkey, although owing to the restrictions placed by the despotic govern- ment, no organized movement exists. Under the present more literal regime it may be antici- pated that Esperanto will progress more rapidly. In other parts of Tnrkey Esperanto Is extremely successful. Strong and enthusiastic societies exist at Snmos, Aidln. Smyrna, Jerusalem and elsewhere. The Esperantists of Snmos publish a journal in Esperanto and have succeeded In obtaining the official support of the government The Prince of Snmos is president of the local organization. United Stales: Our own country was one of the last to become enthusiastic over Esperanto bnt Is atoning Its lateness by superabundant enthusiasm and energy In the movement Es- peranto is not as strong here ns In Europe; there are however, over 50.000 Esperantists In the United States. Over 140 Esperanto clubs exist and at the rate they are increasing, the United States will soon make France more live- ly if that eounfry wishes to retain first place. There are six Esperanto Journals published in 36 AMERIKA ESPERANTISTO the country: Amerika Esperantisto, Esperanto Bulletin, Export Esperantist, (Chicago), La Es- pero (Des Moines), Esperanto Student (Ruther- ford, N. J.), Philatelic Esperanto (Wllllams- town, Mass.). All this progress has been made since 1905, when the first Espernnto society In the United States, in Boston, was founded. The national association, founded in 1905 and organized In 1908, as the Espernnto Association of North America, is one of the most energetic and effective of Esperanto associations and Is doing much to unify and direct the movement In the United States and Canada. Its president Is Col. George Harvey, editor of the North American Review, which conducts a regular de- partment of Esperanto. The first national con- gress of Esperantists, held at Chautauqua, N. Y., In 1908, was a very successful one and plans are being laid to make the second, to occur at the same place in August of this year, a great and colossal success, which will do much to establish Esperanto firmly and decisively In this country. The Sixth International Congress of Esperant- ists will probably be held at Chautauqua and will bring thousands of Esperantists from other countries to the United States. American Es- perantists are determined that this shall far eclipse all previous congresses and shall make a record which future congresses will find It hard to break. Esperanto is now taught in a number of Important educational institutions In America and it is expected that It will soon be introduced into the high schools of several states. The United States government has offi- cially recognized Esperanto, sending Major Straub as its delegate to the congress at Dres- den. Major Straub made a very favorable re- port on the language and recommended that it be adopted by the Red Cross and that the government make an appropriation for the In- ternational congress. Uruguay: There are two active Esperanto societies In Montevideo and an energetic propa- ganda Is carried on. LINGUISTIC DEVELOPMENT OF ESPERANTO Ivy Kelleeman, Pa. D. The American School of Esperanto, Chicago. From the beginning of the linguistic history of the Aryan family, Its languages have been developing in the direction of less complexity. At the farthest point back to which we can trace the original Aryan or Indo-European language, all our knowledge Is conjectural, and based upon comparison and study of the lang- uages descended from It At this point we find a very great degree of complexity In its phon- ology, morphology, and syntax. For example, there existed not only a singular and plural number, but also a dual. The noun had seven cases, with different endings for the cases throughout the singular and plural, and as much as remained of the dual, which was already disappearing. Adjectives were similarly de- clined In seven cases. In three genders. The article was also declined, and pronouns had In many instances a still different mode of de- clension. A like complicated state Is seen In the enny verb. There were active and middle voices and traces of a passive and reflexive. There were Indicative, Subjunctive, Optative, and Im- perative moods, beside the Infinitives and parti- ciples. There were various tense-systems, and methods of forming causatives, desideratives. Inchoatives, etc., In many of these systems, with different endings for the different tenses, singu- lar, dual, and plural, varying somewhat with the moods, according to a classification of primary and secondary endings. Certain vowel and con- sonant changes occurred also, in the older verbs, a trace of which is still to be seen in English sing, sang, sung; German singen, sang, gesungen, etc. i But at the dawn of linguistic history this Indo-European family was already separated, by a gradual growth from dialect Into language, Into eight great language-groups, most of which were in turn divided again into smaller more closely related groups. From these groups, as snowu in the accompanying table, developed the chief languages of modern Europe, as well as certain important tongues of Asia. Some of the languages underwent violent changes, as when one nation conquered another and forced the conquered peoples to learn their own lang- uage, which resulted In more or less of a ling- uistic mixture. Sometimes the same result came about through peaceful colonization, or mercan- tile intercourse. There was a universal development taking place in slight changes, unnoticed from genera- tion to generation, as a rule; such, for instance, as brought about the English pronunciation of i like the ai in aisle, instead of the early pro- nunciation of this sound as it Is, still, In all other languages of the I. E. family. The dual number disappeared early, but slignt traces of it being found today. The various cases under- went fusion, some forms disappearing in one language, others in another, while prepositions served more and more to express case-relations. Yet Russian still keeps seven cases, German four, etc., while English clings to a few genitives and accusatives in its pronouns, as his, him, whose, whom, etc. , In the verb, although the middle voice dls- , appeared generally, and either the subjunctive or optative mood, a great degree of complexity still remains. Cbnnge of ending to Indicate per- son occurs, even though the pronouns are almost invariably given besides. English has succeed- ed In sloughing off all but the third singular ending, but holds to this In most verbs. Tense formation by internal change as well as by special endings nnd the use of auxiliaries per- sists In all languages, the principal parts of a large number of English verbs being quite as irregular as of any French or German or Greek one, in,spite of the fact that English Is among the simpler languages in regard to the verb- system. Digitized by Google AMERIKA ESPERANTISTO 8? Modern Greek. BALTO-SLAVIC ARMENIAN Baltic Slavic Lettian Lithuanian Rusaian Bulgarian Servian Croatian Slovenian V ALBANIAN INUO-IRAN INBC-IRANIAN Indian_ Iranian. /-Sanakeit < | Mediaeval and ]Modern Hindoo VDi electa /Peralan. old Jaiddle. land met*. Digitirprl hy CnnoU 38 ArVfERlltA ESPERANTISTO But even these changes have taken centuries for their accomplishment They have occurred irregularly, a great simplification in one point of morphology or syntax being side by side with tue retention of some ancient complexity, or with even a development (for some secondary reason) of a still greater complexity, as is seen, for example, In the gender endings on the first per- son of the verb in some Slavic languages, In the use of the English auxiliary do, does, did, in questions, etc. Every modern language, in short, still contains forms and syntactical uses which are, from the point of uniform development, archaic. Some tongues contain one, another another, so that ne who would learn more than his own lan- guage must acquire different cumbersome bits of antiquity in each, together with the different developments due to such retention. Such col- lections are valuable to the philologist, who uses them In studying linguistic history, and in reconstructing the parent languages, or the sis- ter languages whose written records are insig- nificant But to one who Is indifferent to the world of history hidden in an ending or a fan- tastic way of spelling, such a state of things is merely an exaction of time and energy. Yet it is inevitable with any national language, whose development can not be controlled by anything else than the general linguistic laws that operate through long periods of time—by time and chance, to state it roughly. This is the situation which has made the creation of Esperanto inevitable. The simpli- fications from all the chief languages, put Into one systematic whole, and shorn of the ancient complexities of each, gives the result of the unconscious work of centuries. Each discard- ing has its basis in a successful emancipation of one or more national languages from the particular usage found unnecessary, and no dis- carding that entails a resulting complexity in unotner direction is accepted. For example, the addition of an ending for the accusative case is retained, though dropped in some modern languages, in order that a complicated system of word-order may be avoided. This is why Esperanto Is so much easier than the modern languages upon which it Is based. The student is set free from many of the antiquated linguist- ic methods of his own language, of which be is somewhat unconscious because he has grown up in them, but he is not hampered, as be is in learning any national language, by being compelled to acquire a group of other different ones. Herein, again, lies the value of Esperanto as an introduction to the national languages, botn ancient and modern. By Its aid the student comes to appreciate what is Idiomatic in bis own language, to notice Its synonyms, its figura- tive expressions, and the circumlocutions which are a part of Its native plcturesqueness. When he passes from Esperanto to a national language other than his own, he is ready to take up its idioms, apprenend Its synonyms, its figurative expressions and Its circumlocutions, with a clear- er understanding, on account of the neutral viewpoint secured from his Esperanto. Lastly, through bis grasp of a fundamental grammatical conception, he is not bewildered by varying grammatical constructions, like the adjective frequens to translate our in great numbers, upon which nine out of ten high school pupils stumble. A READING EXERCISE IN ESPERANTO This department is edited by Edwin C. Reed, Manager of The American School of Esperanto. Send inquiries to Mr. Reed, care of this magazine. The following anecdote Is the well-known story of the clever retort of Columbus, when he squelched a talkative youth by asking him to stand an egg on end. Before attempting to read tills the beginner should rend the condensed grammar of Esperanto published In another part of the magazine. The vocabulary can be used for reference, but It should be carefully noted that Esperanto contains many compound words not to be found in any vocabulary. For ex- ample, from plezuro, "pleasure," and mat, "the opposite," we have malplczuro, or "displeasure": LA OVO D'E KOLUMBO. La Kardinalo Mendoza nrnnĝls {Eng. "ar- range" in the past tense, as indicated by the ending -is) por Kolumbo grnndnn festenon ("feast," Cf. Eng. "festivity, festal") kaj diris al 11 de ("o«," Cf. French Chez) la tablo (Eng. "table") lnŭdan (adj. "praising, lauding, flat- tering," Cf. the verb "laŭdi" and the Eng. "laud") paroladon ("speech," from "parol-i" plus the suffix -ad- which indicates continued action. "To speak continuously or for some time" is to make a speech. As there is no in- definite article, we may translate "laŭdan paro- ladon" as "a flattering speech"). Li nomis lian ("his," i. e„ that of Columbus) eltrovon ("dis- covery," from "el" meaning "out" and "tron" "to find." Cf. Eng. "treasure-trove" and Fr. "trouver.") plej granda venko de la noma ("human," from "homo,") sago ("wisdom" from "saĝa," "wise." Cf. Eng. "sage"). MultaJ ("many," Cf. Eng. "multi-tude") korteganoj ('courtiers," from "korto" plus the intensive suf- fix -eg- forming "court" in the sense of a big or royal court. By adding the suffix -an- wv obtain "an inhabitant of a court," i. e., "a cour- tier") sidantaj ("sitting," present participle of the verb "sidi") fie la tablo, anskultls la laftd- ojn ("praises," Of. "laŭdan" above.) kun mal- plezuro ("displeasure"). "Sajnas al mi— ("seems to me," or "it seems to me." This in- troductory "it" is not needed in Esperanto) diris unu el III,—ke ne malfaclle estas ("that (it) is easy (not hard) trovl la vojon en Amerikon. La oceano file estas malfermita ("open," past participle of "mal-fermi," the opposite of "fer- mi") kaj efi plej simpla maristo ("sailor," from "maro," and the suffix -ist-. Cf. Eng. "w»or*n- er") ne pcrdus ("would not lose," .he condi- tional mood of "perdi") la vojon." "Mi nemiam pensls, ke tio estas la (any sort of," the adjective corresponding to "to") mer- Digitized by VjOOQlC AMERIKA ESPERANTISTO 39 Ito." repondls Kolumbo, "kaj nil nur dankas la ĉielon, ke ("that" in the sense of "in that," "be- cause") ĝl elektis mln por cl tin eltrovo." Klarn la gastoj daŭrtgis ("dauri" "to con- tinue," plus the sufflx -iff-, which makes an in- transitive verb able to take an object) la dlsput- adon ("disputation," from "disputi," "to dis- pute," and the suffix -ad- denoting continuation) fiu facile all malfactio eatas ("whether (it) is easy or hard") farl tlun fil eltrovon, Kolumbo stariĝls ("«fori," "to stand," plus the suffix -iĝ- forms "arise, become standing") prenls ovon, kaj diris: "Kiu el vi povaa starigl ("atari" with the suffix -ig- forms "to cause to stand up") fit tlun ovon, ke ĝi ne falu ("that (so that) it shall not fall")!" ĉioj gastoj volis ("wished to," Cf. ting, "vol-untary" and "volition") montri sian ("their own" from the reflexive pronoun "si") lerteeon ("cleverness," from "lert-a" and the ab- stract-forming suffix -cc- corresponding to -ness in the English word.), sed nenlu sukcesls ("suc- ceed, be successful in, be able to"). "Donu, ("Oive!" the ending -u indicates the imperative mood, or mood of command.) ml I situs, la ovon al mi," diris Kolumbo. Li prenls ĝin, ekfrnpis ("8trucfc," from "frapi," meaning "to knock," Cf. French "frapper," and the pre- fix -ek- inuicating sudden action or the begin- ning of an action) gin dellkate al ("to" or "on") la tablo kaj la ovo starigis sur la rompita ("broken," past passive participle from "rompi," "to break," Fr. "rompre") loko. "Ah!" ekkrlis (prefix "ek-" and "krii," Cf. Eng. "cry") la gastoj. "Tlon soius fari eiu el ni (inverted order for emphasis: "To do that,— each of us knows how"). "Klal do ("then," "therefore," Fr. "done t," respondis Kolumbo, ridetante ("ridi," "to laugh," with the suffix -ct-, which serves as a diminutive, or lessens the intensity of the orig- inal root. So "rideti" means "to laugh slight- ly," i. e.. "to smile." Cf. Eng. "risible." Fr. "rire." This form is the present participle, with the adverbial ending, since the participle refers to the subject of the verb, Kolumbo, but does not modify it adjectively.), "VI tlon ne fnris? La difereneo Inter ni estas Jena ("the follow- ing," from "jen." by giving it the ending -a- to make it an adjective agreeing with "diferen- eo") : vi povus ("could," in the sense of "would be able to." a tense that English is unable to express without using auxiliary words) tiou fari, kaj mi faris." Tla estas la deveno ("origin." from "de." "from," and "veno," "coming") de la proverbo: La ovo de Kolumbo. THE FAMOUS "BOULOGNE DECLARATION" Oar pri la esenco de la Esperantismo niultaj havas tre malveran ideon, tlal ni subskribintoj, representatoj de la Esperantismo en divorsaj landoj de la niondo, kunvenintaj al In inter- naeia Kongreso Esperantista en Boulogiie-sur- Mer, trovis necesa lao la propono de la aŭtoro de la llngvo Esperanto donl la sekvantan kiar- igon. 1. La Esperantismo estas penado disvastigl en la tuta mondo la uzadon de lingvo nentrale noma, kiu "ne entrudante sin en la internan vivon de la popoloj kaj nenlom celante elpuŝi la ekzistantajn llngvojn naciajn." donus al la liomoj de malsamaj nacloj, le eblon kompreni- gadi Inter si, kiu povos servl kiel pneiga lingvo de publikaj lnstltucioj en tluj landoj, kie diver- saj nacloj batalas Inter si pri la lingvo, kaj en kiu povos esti publikigataj tiuj verkoj, kiuj havas egalan intereson ior fiiuj popoloj. Oiu alia ideo aŭ espero, kiun tiu aii alin Esperan- tisto ligas kun la Esperantismo, estos lia afero pure privata por kiu la Esperantismo ne repon- das. 2. Oar en la nuna tempo neniu esploranto en la tuta mondo jam dubas pri tio. ke lingvo Internacla povas esti nur lingvo arta, kaj fiar el filuj multegaj provoj. faritaj en la daŭro de la lastaj du centjaroj fiiuj prezentas, nur teori- ajn prejektojn, kaj lingvo efektive finita, fiiu- fianke elprovlta, penekte vivipova kaj en fiiuj rilatoj pleje taŭga montrigis nur unu sola lingvo Esperanto, tlal la nmikoj de la ideo de lingvo internacla, konsciante ke teoria disputado kon- dukos al nenio kaj ke la celo povas esti atlngita nur per laborado praktikn, jam de longe fiiuj gTtjpiĝls fii-uau la sola lingvo Esperanto kaj Because many have a very Incorrect Idea concerning the essence of Esperantism, there- fore we. the undersigned representatives of Esperantism In different lands of the world, convened at the International Esperanto Con- gress in Boulogne-sur-Mer. have found it neces- sary, according to the projiosal of the author of the Esperanto language, to give the following explanation: 1. Esperantism Is an attempt to disseminate in the whole world a language neutrally human, which, not intruding itself in the Internal life of the peoples, and aiming not at all to crowd out the existing national languages, would give to the people of different nations the ability mutually to undestand each other, which can serve as a peacemaking language in the public institutions of those where different nations fight among themselves atout the language: and in which can he published those works which have an equal Interest for all peoples. Any other idea or hope which this or that Esperantlst con- nects with Esperantism. is his purely private affair, for which Esperantism does not answer. 2. Because in the present time no one who investigates doubts this—that an international language can be only an artificial language, and because, of all the many attempts made in the last two centuries, all present only theoretical projects; and a language actually finished, tried in every way. fierfeetly vital and in all respects worthy is shown in one sole language—Es|>er- anto: therefore the friends of the Idea of an international language, being conscious that theoretical disputation will lend to nothing, ana that the aim can Is? attained only by practical labor, have gathered about the Esperanto Ian- 40 AMERTKA ESPERANTISTO laboras por ĝla dlsvustlgado kaj rlĉlgado de ĝla literatu.ro. 3. Car la aŭtoro de la Hngvo Esperanto tuj en la komonco rlfuzls unufoje por clam 6iujn personajn rajtojn kaj prlvileglojn rllate tlun lingvon, tlal esperanto estas "nenles j)ropraĵo" nek en rilato materiala, nek en rilato morula. Materials mnjstro de tlu 61 Hngvo estas la tuta niondo kaj 6iu dezlranto povaa eldonadl en aŭ prl tiu 61 Hngvo 61ajn verkojn, kiajn 11 de- ziras, kaj uzadi la Hngvon por 6laj eldaj celoj; klel splrltaj majstroj de tiu 61 Hngvo estos 6iam rigardataj tluj personoj, kiuj de la mondo esper- antlsta estos konfesataj kiel la plej bonaj kaj plej talentaj verkistoj de tiu 61 Hngvo. 4. Esperanto havas nenlum personal] leg- donanton kaj dependas de nenlu aparta homo. Opinloj kaj verkoj de la kreinto de Esperanto hnvas, simile al la opinloj kaj verkoj de 6iu alia esi>erantisto, karakteron absolute prlvatan kaj por nenlu devigan. La solo nnu fojon por 61am devlga por 6luj esperantlstoj fundamento de la Lingvo Esperanto estas le verketo "Fundamento de Esperanto," en kin nenin havas la rajton farl ftangon. Se iu dekllnlgas de la reguloj kaj mod- eloj donitaj en la dirita verko. II nenlam povas pravlgi sin per la vortoj "tlel deziras aŭ kon- snas la aŭtoro de Esperanto." dun ideon. klu ne povas oportune esprimata per tiu materlalo, kin trovlgas en la "Fundamento Esperanto," 6iu espernntisto hnvas la rajton esprlmi en tla man- Iero, —un 11 trovas la plej gusta, tlel same, kiel estas farate en 6lu alia Hngvo. Sed pro plena iinueco de la Hngvo al 6Iuj esperantlstoj estas rekomendate lmitadl kiel eble plej multe tlun stllon, klu trovigas en In verkoj de In kreinto de Esperanto, klu la plej multe laborls por kaj en Esperanto kaj la plej bone konas ĝian snlriton. 5. Esperantlsto estas nomnta 6iu persono, klu solas kaj uzas la lingvon Esperanto, tute egale, por kiaj celoj 11 gin uzas. Apnrtenado al In nktlva Societo espernntlsta por 6lu esper- antlsto estas rekomendinda, sed ne devlga. guage and are working for Its dissemination and the enrichment of Its literature. 3. Because tbe author of the Esperanto re- fused once for all, in the beginning, all personal rights and privileges relating to this language, therefore Esperanto Is "nobody's property," neither In a material nor In a moral relation. The material master of this language Is tbe whole world, and every one so desiring can publish In or concerning this language all works which be desires, and use the language for all possible purposes. As spiritual masters of this language will be always regarded those persons who of the entire Esperanto world shall be con- fessed as the best and most talented writers of this language. ,' 4. Esperanto has no personal law-giver and depends on no separate man. All opinions and works of the creator of Esperanto have, like the opinions of any other Esperantist, a character absolutely private and are mandatory for no- body. The sole once-for-always foundation of the Esperanto language, obligatory to all Esper- antlsts, Is the little work, "Fundamento de Esperanto," in which nobody has the right to make a change. If any one shall diverge from the rules and models given In the said work, he can never justify himself by the words, "thus wishes or advises the author of Esperanto." Every idea which cannot be expressed by that material which Is found In the "Fundamento de Esperanto," every Esperantist has the right to express in tbe manner which he finds most correct, tbe same as Is done in any other lan- guage. But for the complete uniformity of the language it is recommended to aU Esperantists to Imitate as much as possible the style which is found in the works of the creator of Esperan- to, who has labored most for and in Esperanto and best knows its spirit. 1. An Esperantist Is any person who knows and uses the Esperanto language, being entirely equal, for whatever purpose he uses It Member- ship in some active Esperanto society Is recom- mended to every Esperantist, but is not ob- ligatory. ■sgsggsgsssflasagaffstfgsascgascasgsgsflsssgsssssgsfiŭsagagscacscsffsgscŭsscsgstfagagsflsssflsssgsgss* I Will Investigate Further AMERICAN ESPERANTIST COMPANY 235 East Fortieth Street, Chicago For the enclosed $1.50 send me your magazine one year and a copy of The American Esperanto Book, cloth edition. Send me (no charge) full information regarding the Esperanto Association of North America. Alphabet and Pronunciation of Esperanto THE ALPHABET consists of twenty-eight letters : abcĉdefg ghnijĵklmnoprsŝtuŭ v z. The sounds are as follows : a is like a in father. C is like Is in ha/r. C is like eh in church. e is like a in fate, but not so long. It may be best described to an American as long a shortened, or short e (as in met) lengthened. Since none of the other vowels resembles it, one may pronounce it long, medium or short, with not the slightest danger of being misunderstood. g is like ^in fet. ĝ is like sr'm gem, or j in /oy. h is like eh in lo aka nxlr [man ■aaW deliver a v/o- aaV wate.* ad to alaaar lark (bird) aiT other ' aJmaiiau at k-aat aianox' alma tothigh aJtarn alternate, atutf allude ma tch ftlucifer) 'crowd, mass " both anvil •tarch. friend extent _ nmine d. member durk ... eel MgwtY corner, ardjai angel [angle vet, still anchor announce goose [ol ___aŭ instead Wife, of pre», part. act. antmŭ before antifcv* old (hist.) apart' aeparate, adj. '""■ "1* belong scarcely mp&f appear saw0 near, by ar d. collection mrmtW spider art/ tree art/ bow. fiddle BtVjaT heron artaat' slate argtr day aidant' silver art/ arch, bow art art art» joint aa e. of pres. tense ate.of pr. part.pas. atakt' attack a tana attempt ataaaT wait, expect atant attentive atearffl t test certify attna/ attain, ar- atuttrump [rive at ai or, (tŭ.trU either..or aŭcT hear Aŭgust August afiattUtt listen afttun' autumn. av* grandfather amr covetous swaf haxel nut swart' oats aveertu/ adventure irn [for covet, eager ass, donkey nitrogen aaajatar taJ/ bait chatter trifle tahV sweep waflata/ sway, Dftttart stammer aaskfadsoon taav/ whale bari bathe (tr.) bant bow (of nbb.) bapf baptize bar' bar. obstruct tart*' barber taraJ* keg. berrel "a/ coat tail tat bent r fight baT(gi beer bed (garden) Siasfll' ptty. re- tail' beak [grot bat beautiful,Trine tan' bless ■art ar bench bar" berry bMf bcx-l, animal birch (tree) need, went 1'goode.caute Meet" bind (book,) "bind cry(ofbeaeta) fair(ofhair) bhW blow BUT blue [riegre we'd, relat. b> mer- baar bout »berk (doge) boiWintr.) baef wood bar" bore (tr.) Bars!* chore, bank bardaC border hnn btre/ bourne, ex. hot boot [change botet bottle bote ox pf-ftese brand) brood brandy (prod, of still) braot* cabbage -' shelf bridle brick shine (fntr.) r embroider scald brush noise bum (intr.) ' brown 'chest, breast it brute, cattle l' lad, urchin I' slaughter ' toad if ringlet, curl dod. ball V bulb, onion If* roll (bread) uY drone (ins.) burd/ citizen burĝon' bud but mouth buter' butter but Ik' shop butoa' button O mt to yield eaacT cent (coin) eaat. hundred tarsV brain, mind cart certain, sure aarV deer [ing aatar' rest raassja- arrar' cypher, nu- -" ' agar [men*I cigarette can/ n oktaV i stork car/bug circular aft cite, mention ortran lemon car jnch 6 flagrratr"griese(tr.) lamar- room flra'cocklofagun) ESvhnt laalir, chapter NT for, beceuee tarhtbuV cherla- iarrn' charm [tea, dan«V hinge hunt, cneux, et. with ■chief ** shirt —. chain t*sr <*giy OttTT CCnxtn ears/ draw [from .vtay vsiw norse at d. proximity; it* there, ti* it here Ika every (kind) flfae» always Mftever y n'henqner ■Vat in every man- g' he.ren.sky I everybody • crump Icciest*© a/ rag tn chicanery everything, all — all of it [out ___A round, ab- i each, everyone mmm.' chisel, carve flj' d. ma v. aflect. diminutives flu whether; asks a -questio.i D da is used instead of at* after words express f og weight or snea- sure: wahe dance CsVnt dandy esstetat danger cUvn* thank •at date (time) tsassr' endure, last da of, from, with pass. part, ky aejc* becoming Dec bei (tr,, •sssTft decyphcr' dccbcnt'c defend thaw be tm duiv ten slope rignt-hand" skslsr' be delirious ttu denee. doer tooth t& iemxinc, depend _ the fhv .. dn t the.. the) «■■eg, deeign dw57det»n thW muet, dkV. dwrfct' device, motto (the). Or God dure» dehctiehery to dnnulge , differ define, dew dlT dike (till mfl thick, etoot dictate diligent Sunday ear- eer, tdl derekr direct, ttoer eWd. eepar " discount diepoee dispute .'distinguish distract divine, guess J various, di. dtentit dHtliw. OUT down eng wool» doth drat thresh train (nniai.) ' drink (in ex- «"drug [res, el' drown, sink two. ..fiknd* •ub-dukw [what, •ura'dnring.wkile. du«rhire(aemat) E • t. ot adr. era—even, smooth •OT cl possibility Si. abet. idea. even(«dv.) gSf edify ededl'educnte, renr eett' husband «foeroVreel.ertuel efHT have effect e—dincrenee •jW equel e*' echo •f d, pusce ellot. tedto e*- d. eudden or beginning act era ex- (who hee ,beeo) ___outside erageree/cruehout fexkaSekTaMsr fstrsntc ra-t,[i . m oat of, from a- •awitaf elephant •aVkT chooM an/ d. prcrperiSTty •antarma' puzzle [' ambush puzzlc[takc 4d* divide [verse theu,accordtngw *** sweet fly ' pain, ache house Uht*nrf shws/1 (it is a) pity give [sent make pre- Cxxldle sleep •Jarn' thorn docs (the) back bs wearied aaar envy cr/ d. unit gsWgrnir, mhuake 'hedgehog ._ hermit harrow except squadron hope explore aaanssY expreas MT be (verb *ux.l ' eeteem lew' do, make rerke— pharynx fsrreftiuteooltnuse ttu-rhe(weIluTun- fiour (weU) (TO.) foFtoee,» 'ebruary fairy f— hide, fieece foW happy, lucky fooMr* thigh foosf split. r)ve(tr.) ferra, deck (ship) foci— shut, clow fereer' real foejT fcstirml StTle chief ffold of d.diminution ejfof story (ol house) labs' fibre rhf lord _ taitntai flCf' proud fkT era ne/eod.fiaieh(tr.) re lab rfol— flame •foeaY aide, flank ffoe' emeUdr.) IMT flatter Read |Page^2 of the cover and make up an Esperan to Club today For effective propaganda the "White Flyer" is without an equal mow DWUKrlll map naa-pull mar' saddle I (Ike I** ■**■ Mf fuw(w*wl PtftieMttawsta a?'hv,- fei fMr wnu (atumal) AWT le^.aWt fSBWr fowad. start «asMY sfwvsg, fetvit fssrtawr' famtain farforth.otrt.awsy Ibsbjssj forgot fini'stuva.riM nace tm* Mtrrngth fvrtak* stroma; (to fas' dijf [must) fsaJo sweets. fr5"hi, . Sit. strike traf brodwr «•aft*? tiatmf era xy. fluid fredr fresh, oew fTlpt» rog-ux frtx- drew (hair) fnr rub frsf early fnaer frnybead flirt* phthisis fMTrf scot Mss* liphtninp MT «coke MMfljulhiiii(atf.ui f ml Pat.....ffoond- Mwbf funeral MeaT funnel •Taaa; mushroom fan? pound farad/ forape frrWrsrt fa* hwapkr fear fbeufaMaaure) Q j, mttrry gain, earn p*n rubher-shoc (Baiter [tec ran- bock [Tie gamt fjuva grafBaaV piai gar* shamT.te gmwgM't. *aa£a-a» aTa-MC s*»w«pspcr g* A.\x*\-**xm sraaMBBa* aBoaral (txuetary) frsenr tribe E5r pha* to iron ptaa- acorn pawf ptaxattiojhiar pemf renooth arkacf aword (tar pUdr.xKdo fraar swallow ffaarr throat (vb.) praĵfa pram, pro rg eater (teat, tai pra* fat pea? aerate* fUte prasea*- aapisva pvma* prune core artfeVtiUt-^^ grWcnemm (iiv**ct) grata [(far.) gnt crane (bird! gnat gtvup g*ŝY tar (age (Baa' s-um, mucU- tuemrre. organ gaff dlT>p, drip SBjeeSJnfSj'-twtimm, s*o ■w*ra(mil- • guide 6 garden groan ateasraf g^rarwal faa-raT polite [adj. iiafiaj' parat Eh fee until, as far as errjoy.puuf rhf aojoy tun* eootet, ripbt H fail rrajr fran Mar? to t*op [hall ■ear steal I I fined MT/ atop (intr.) fear' hair jrearar garden MMrMS; herring nautr aMa. rtuur- Mnf hare [boor Ml III' port.' bar- Wh hone haF boat (vh.) bar dear, plarinp "help " beer Maafcrtr feipn " " leech [(birdl ■wallow porcupine bale* I bob' book ' baaV man Senear honest honour her'hour barwf barley beefer clock, w-ich beatr aacred hoat hoof butnj" do* [tomprr ' chemical cholera chnir I t of infinitive fa come (any) hind fa! for Rome (nny) m at straw (any) bene, aver, once WdcWacendot kef idea fa eonve- anywhere M Rome- anyhow faf Rome- any one* ■ ĝd. Cauda* to be mf a, becoming KTXnT" IxjbUUCIrCS haatr prove*», in- cite, team M* d. worthy of laeeeii iadipnaat wwheV tonwTrndu». Maf child (peat tatfekf intact bthef hall htp-d.1 aaweaf Abcfder eak ink Mkfaf incuaed to SaWa'aai" kr*o [rabear k) d. peat tenat Hi. pad part" taeorne-. anyoaa Wc^iS? e(vb) cbeatnut ban/ cava, hollow kaf cant (pram.) ka that (ooaj.) kataer- waiter teeettr* cteSSl, DOS «a what kind of .tB. J L of the plural H in fact & jacket ^mmhmmtf ŝatmmr Jaaoary ktr* year )• infinite pra> positioa behcOdl-loI yes 100 tb«..tlM wain tit Mtjust, rig h le«j-us ko-ooro^il kaJor* kaJut i KO> CO. _ utrhdle kfljand [«red book paper cmv« cabin, hut corn (on foot) ItaMran' boiler haJOO carriAge chalice, cup lime heel reckon aajooar pants hOrlteWeir slander unM bill iff ex. change kajrwr camel fiiB-placc hajtior camera field raObaajr scoundrel 'sofa-k-Hingc tfat» Mo what (thine) lOaan now much fctf him Ua who. which kkafr fathom (ma.) kbtr dear, plain Mbf daaa, aort idaf hay (piano) leaf educated Mbf bend, incline kaaa" to knead apaiaat as........nr iuRuk.hu- fitting cord (muRic) ~ to correct bST coo rt. yard RJflatnil (bird haf to brood haavjrr envelope hrTr»epit(ualival hrTffr prate fa-altR? pencil f damp crmrsl kfBwT bebrve kJBm' crsara (wild kwTOk Ivvxse-radwb k#Mlr grow, in- wmamJk [omrnm WfW \mnt (intt.) kyt qry. shout hfkM' crime ■WW crippled (to arw*hook to, ding bfwm bpnakf, " nddtboa to fjup. pitcher 1 cruuR Tmw ffW lep knrf alee hMf woman's cap fnoir bullet kVcook aaaY fookay. cake " " ctxkoo stipulation ksnOuh to conduct ksaaut to behave kfietfkt' to trust s»kt»W to confuse Itetak shoU (infer oil [infer conclude. compete /enter into compel,iion [oui fcsnssr be consciw to advise console to state, estabhsh (a tactl nmsze __ aitho'gh trstrsrc* quantity - - * or [town) quarterfot as if .-km- °"k IreteT/ calm V, lathe beW htboor but' weary, tired hewer lixard faa* lace (boot) laeT tinnUte faf Uva »lake varnieh fa bo' lackey fahf las, dtarrhma MW milk ' lame f lamp — wool MneTland, country laref tongue MntRm' lantern ' down, Buff «fswr-** nnV Boh burr uvtta. larbar; freckle tapte- hare fartf learn tc&tSSe.JBE Me- lift, ratae ffhe. him mm" free faaf book fa> bind, bo bpWwood(theRulv Ma- Bout fetaucu bmatr .oat) Mf Sax STfit«),*W* ■Tbad [xlphabrt) xHaW letter (of the eXwrecrnplydeliver fas' aea Mf to iodre. lire Mffplaoaxruauity SffwHc MT draw lots bf rent bar play Mf lul aatoep [ne 'btd'toahi- aaaBf peneral title Vfmrtf* amef- >.your majesty. tu u weafe your araar Bfrmday mtajt Najf wolf ava» Matr' chandelier Mf eolder Mtf otter (prvteavaioo) rati awmvapr turkey rnaff milk (vb.) mara self, eelvee maatbr' member writ [day rWrdnru- !tr.) abtaf mill muT to roar J, wind awaf mttcui [4c. wurif much, awny mur- wall muscle ' muxtard dumb N le.ofdtrectobj. —" nation ' swim ' naighlvur ' nail _ [gale f nigrvti n- ' turnip eUjurufa notfiuuy aauwam aotabit aumus nobedy Hup grstiuason aeaW unfaOinpRjr aar dean copy ad we. ua ■dpi- black rdvuf level (dim. a/ d. fern, affert. aabaf fuvhlernaa teabr noble ■tatT nipht lynertarl iTcfttTuS eayjabr- oumbav eauyeT aortb bff now (bar IteVOffwwataT NO"wVvVu anil welll wee» uhrde. hue ■leaf cloud auuf nuked auk- nape of nark wear nut awdr aero ((No.) anroaly(adv.) The Esperanto movement is an avalanche. Who . , stop it? Don't "wait till the rest learn Esperanto" unless you live in a tree o • e. of nounk •»•• obey (ject akjekt thing, oh- taL-fold. 3»W twofold eketlit obstinate SWaf odour, mien seeaaT offend •fee' to offer (as reurifice.rdft.ffe.) •€10 office (employ- off often [ment) eff night [«onceee atatr occur-eooca- utttohc Oktober rotor eye eenep- occupy M then oh, oil ' lobster ' rtiadow II* umbrella •n' d, fractions: I hey: ertW' uncle eert'efuLpart-nci. op* d. rollrctire numerals •plreT to opine trpoctes handy •e/giild lUirity erre order, rvgu- orrletl order, (de- coration) ' a/ order, corn- . ' ear . (mand erf orphan orapm'onrancSdpfriaaff N|^l*<>dercrr tMkT topickle (eeTpf dnT». |-h*eNV P-Sir fur m [nw..j >>diAther ------' right (adj.) t chiefly prad.k prr.ii-h prefer prefer V**t, pr.i> pram prcu -----T prize take print (vb.) toSatay US walk prsensej promise pripia' ptppoap Beepr* (ones)own pieapil' succeed, prtv try (thrive prujn hoar (front| prim' plum prunt' to bod pnp/ to prove bus* *~' lung purr gurkpowfiWr prjrrai7 powder pump' to pump pari punUh pmntt point pntUtT pins' doll pur pure pMf pus, matter ptnV push ptrf watt (subst.) puff to rot p rah' rob '[count rnjnir rebate, di»- ' rabfat rntpsr to «lane raff wheel rafts/ rsOfmsraiiish raffcr refine rnjer to ride (on borsdttack) frity rpyright. «utho relate rail'6«g rmitff edge, margin rajax* rankognsvie rnpr long radish rmpnt' quick, rapid rant/ to rake rntr rat rantf hoarse insW caterpillar raV reviah. delight ro^Lngnin.bach editorial raaj* rule, govern regal regale regit Steele, realm i-Mnrt rule rapr king, reign rshsaipsno reward rnfcf •traight raf rail to row Iriutir to stuff. bulwark ran' kidney reply roof remain (rant rat net rot dream (awake) rOZMttat result if»' currant rtkot to rebel rlooV obtain, get. rid' rich [receive rtor laugh 'ready [(prep.I ■r beyond prazent to prrwmt prl (\encrming. nh- prfnr/ prince [out priaolp' print-iplc prliitomp' ftprini; prharrprivnt t\ i m*- pro owing to, for the sake of T interrM ktwsuii " pnvJucr rtfiut' to refvtae rfojaroT look .it rjgr bolt rtnott* reap rOmt' relate to. con- ' rhyme (cern to notice --------r* strap tĵnjf ring (subst.) rlprog reproach I'tinm,' river rkf riot raff roadstead tetwa break nag round, circle I* to smwc dew ' mast (aaim.) trunk (of raTccaapnnyfnia.) ful' rose iwk.mhbleh fwwt*,___ nrt- rail (tr.) fweriuat(tr.) few/ trick, rwsa ■Mf Saturday aafl/ wise mm each aar tah •Mar salad Mleas, jump IT salute, greet 'health •aetSrhoiy •as/ soap aara/ to awed ■eaf nave (tally) aar 'know (roc" as if •Wl- Mdbut mt Mat, -chair araY dry aaaerrye aako' dissect eake- ses eehv- follow WH" saddle •an without Maef sand lock.(.ubat.) at Mm-, hats it. oaaaA. that selves (refles.) sear to Mas '.aft tokaa r?> .. aa'.toanea ofiiall r aka. similar maaaat- laccta» MMtre' Sir. Mr. ■rtaT bucket lltlissr situalioa aarw witchcraft %8rLfft*f£l* ******** ***** terror SpwrVT ssprarasn tpMf e/eyW db- buraa. ar/rffrr/ ' (raoaar) aaak- aar (of cor.) eaeawanpvaacb apir' breathe •ewrlt spirit, eriad aaremdaflancefor) S^s •takr atafflnvfl.) ataer station stamp, (nvark flag •tag atata. coadi. Maa/ stitch (tion •tare/ stretch out. -ateprastratellle MMtaWldeMhlrat. kf stomach squist ~" atraoga tees'State tea»' key of wood ttwr «cal tHwT stuff, tissue etreng' etra atvwS^atreat atre* stratc s» Sh line . wide (streak atwra/ starling aaa) under, bans •nMt awddea auF suck •afar' suffer maW ssmufisut ssifwk' suffocate •eyaapjuicagtr.) •takeee/ have sue aaaisr* sugar (o raeaWsuMnir sask- avuuSa over, above eeajt arrange mat- rimony Mr/ to swoon vag(tr.) § laT sheep taps' seen. (tr) tare* chaage(tr.) tarw/load (ague) tar*-Itwd. brrdc foam, spray tWaaall.psa.ruwl taw/ brace (troua.) tars'joke M eke. tar tar/ get mouldy tanr eMagb Mr/aMp W bar. read teas' luck, faetcn hearty kit» uiear.anoint string tar/ push forward tweefaho ' bat ~ ..«ft». gpras aprmklr S3- IW cover (furni- ture. *c) ff.1— * eotu eeare weeve tebf pUte ftamg' time [(anat teeepr temple tew' hold, grasp tanr tempt, test tare earth tarter' terror Bel, heritors «aea then «•than StB.- •see-moth ,„ Owfclink cd gleVs- we that (thing) twee no much ■h-aW tolerate tanaV tornh, grave tre>gclip.rciwr tar teft tad I.....I'udy unVraansTtaaeeev/ tare/tune (vol) ass teg .beta eake u ■ a. taeaaaatea af tLnwileisiiia wr d. reaaarkakle far vMSSr, aaarewmab ■ear useful V essre roam •aaa/ w«. ■fa» taaewfiew weaa/ cbmk wssrf vetasmet ear* toearsaa aaremT amaapta varr aerselcwld) •are tm »a=:^ k-»TFnaei FSF regramlakak »rad u'-hip. em* atae- ear* versa ■pas' to •atf* •at' ore. wtajar iwffar in aatao-r* r-y «,,,■>'-*■ ey.rdert nSersssi* atar vioka ubbre vwsfa ffwatimM. aaTstrtla w* maps Mr- gum. taa- «fffKra (taaaan «treWfaae Wtaala tag voice we/ way. nval Srlr» aar vriok. van varr* erruveaad. taaa/Tcaail (tit! ap serY word wMTtwl vow/ wnt WWW'