ESPERANTO    BULLETIN
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Monthly       American Esperantist Co., 235 East Fortieth St., Chicago             April igog       Volume 1    Number 8
ESPERANTO  AS   AN   INTRODUCTION   TO   OTHER
LANGUAGES.
By Ivy Kellkrman, Ph. D.
Those who have had experience in language-teaching
often remark that Esperanto would he an admirable
introduction to such work, and even urge that it should
be required in the schools for this reason alone, aside
from its practical value. Such a claim is entirely rea-
sonable, and rests upon a sound basis. It is well known
that the knowledge of any foreign language makes the
next language undertaken easier to acquire, and the
only point to be examined is this,—why is Esperanto
better than any national ancient or modern language?
The most obvious reason is of course the vocabulary
of Esperanto. The student of the international lan-
guage learns it rapidly because he recognizes a large
proportion of the roots as closely akin to words of his
own language. English-speaking people are especially-
fortunate in this regard, for on account of the varied ex-
tractions of this tongue, there are contained in it not
only Anglo-Saxon but also Latin elements. Conse-
quently many roots of Teutonic origin in Esperanto are
recognized by their similarity to English, and also the
elements from the Romance languages are not all new,
because they come from the same Latin which has
given to English two-thirds of the words in our diction-
aries, and about one-half of the words used in ordinary
speech. Since the student of Esperanto is thus able
to acquire about 83 per cent of his vocabulary with
comparatively little effort, he has enough time and
energy left to be able to master a large number of
heretofore unfamiliar roots, and to master them so
thoroughly that he has perfect command o, them.
But these new roots are not mere combinations of
letters that have no meaning outside of Esperanto. Ex-
cept for a very few which are artificial or only slightly
cognate with elements in Indo-European languages,
the words of the Esperanto vocabulary are derived from
words in national languages, and have undergone only
a negligible amount of change in becoming international
in form. The Esperantist who is accustomed to using
knuho, preta, krom, gusto, paslco, iri, etc. will without
hesitation understand German knabe, French preta, Rus-
sian kromyc, Spanish gusto, Scandinavian l'aaske, Latin
co, ire, etc. when lie meets them in this national form.
He will find that his Esperanto has taught him nu-
merous Latin prepositions and conjunctions, the familiar
Greek conjunction as well as many Greek terminations
and vocables, and will recognize as national formations
many things which were to him at first simply Esper-
anto, such as the -» ending of the infinitive, the -n
ending of the accusative, etc. In short, by learning
Esperanto one may lessen by fully seventy-five per cent
the number of new words to be memorized in any lan-
guage thereafter undertaken. Such a statement cannot
be made concerning any national language, for a pain-
fully acquired vocabulary of German does not in the least
help toward a vocabulary of French or Italian, nor do
any of these languages aid in mastering the vocabulary
of any Slavic tongue. The only approach to the vantage
point held by Esperanto is that the Romance languages
are closely enough related that Portugese is easy for
one who knows Spanish, or Italian for one who knows
Portugese, or French, or Roumanian, etc. But even here
Esperanto is the better medium.
A   GRAMMATICAL   FOUNDATION.
One of the difficulties in entering upon the study of
any national language is that its grammar as such must
be carefully studied, and differences between its gram-
matical rules and those of English noticed. But, one's
knowledge of English grammar is seldom a conscious
one, and correct English speech is not due to a constant
recollection of grammatical rules and categories. Con-
sequently this process of comparison is a difficult one.
As a child, the American or Englishman has learned
his mother-tongue by a purely imitative process. His
grammatical constructions are due to memory training,
and he is not taught to think "Now I am using a noun,
now I am using an adjective, and my verb is in the past
perfect in this sentence." After he has used this native
idiom for many years, and has become entirely uncon-
scious in it, and acts from habit, not even from imita-
tion, when he is talking, he reaches that point in school
where "Grammar" is taught, and discovers that he must
learn cut and dried reasons for what has heretofore
been a process needing no reasoning. Forthwith he
learns that certain words spelled just alike and pro-
nounced alike are some of them nouns, others verbs,
and still,others adjectives or adverbs. The word "that"
which he can already use correctly must be called a half
a dozen different names, and lie must be able to dis-
tinguish these categories in catch sentences such as
"I think that that that that that man read," etc. The
result is generally a state of bewilderment, and a deep
dislike for "Grammar."
If, however, even a small amount of Esperanto had
been learned, the methodical grammatical system of this
language would have instilled a definite appreciation
of tue grammatical categories, with a minimum of effort
in grasping them. This is due to the regular and
clearly marked system of endings in Esperanto, by which
a noun and adjective and adverb and verb are imme-
diately recognizable as such, by form alone, and the
understanding of their use is thereby made infinitely
easier. This same clearness of ending aids in the topic
of adjective agreement, of the use of the accusative or
objective, etc., and the case use with prepositions in
Esperanto clears the way for a real understanding of
the use of the cases in those national languages which
have various case forms and varied case-use with prepo-
sitions. The infinitive, which is not clearly differentiated
in use, from noun and participle in English, may be
understood through the medium of Esperanto, and the
conditional and imperative moods in this language fa-
cilitates the understanding of the difficult modal uses
i various national tongues. The student who lias
mastered Esperanto will find that he has in fact ob-
tained a conception of grammatical principles without
any direct expenditure of effort for that purpose.
IDIOMS.
A familiar grievance to those entering upon the study
of  a  foreign  language is  the  elusive  matter  of  idioms.
ESPEEANTO BULLETIN
April igog
To a person knowing but one language, his own manner
of expression seems the natural one, and it is difficult
for him to see why these expressions should not be
translated word for word into the new tongue. He
translates a paragraph, with the aid of his dictionary
and grammar, and is assured "That is very well done,
but it is not French," or "You have used German words,
but no German would phrase the ideas that way." That
is to say, he learns that certain of his native expres-
sions are "idioms" and are not therefore to be trans-
lated literally, while others must be translated in an
equally peculiar fashion, into a result called an "idiom"
in the new language. There is no way of knowing what
are idioms in his own language, except by noting them
one at a time as he meets with the strange method
of rendering them in the foreign tongue. This would
not be so difficult, were it not for the fact that in the
same breath he must learn the idioms of the new lan-
guage. He must put on the new way of thinking and
expressing these ideas before he has shaken off his
old manner of expression. There is no neutral point
upon which he may pause and look around and appre-
ciate what is fundamental in both languages, and what
is superficial in one from the viewpoint of the other.
Consequently the mastering of the new language is
but half as rapid as it should be.
Esperanto, the truly international tongue, oilers this
neutral ground. Based upon what is really fundamental
in the European languages, it ignores small idiomatic
distinctions and circumlocutions, and includes only the
solid foundation of all. The Esperantist leaves his na-
tional idioms behind him, in using the international
language. But he is not compelled to learn other idioms
in the same moment, and learns how to render his own
tongue into a speech not thus burdened by inheritances
from more ancient times, and developments due to the
accidents of time and chance alone. From this stage,
the next step into any national language is far easier.
The acquirement of the new national idioms offers no
difficulties in comparison to the old method, and it will
be found that the time spent upon Esperanto is more
than made up, even if Esperanto he regarded as nothing
but a stepping stone to the national languages under-
taken, whether these be ancient or modern.
■ESPERANTO IN MEDICAL PRACTICE.
Among physicians, in whose field of work new discov-
eries and invention are being made in all parts of the
world, the rapid communication of a new idea by means
of Esperanto is already an accomplished reality. There
is a world society of Esperanto physicians whose Amer-
ican representative is Dr. Kenneth W. Milliean, 103
Dearborn avenue, Chicago, one of the editors of the
Journal of the American Medical Association. At a
recent examination before the Paris Faculty of Medicine
Dr. Corret, a young French physician, had for his thesis
the utility of Esperanto among physicians. He not only
converted his examiners to the idea, but received for
his thesis the highest possible award.
Copies of the Bulletin containing the report of the en-
dorsement of Esperanto by the Pan-American Scientific
Con m-css are still obtainable, though but a few thousand
copies of the second edition now remain. They are
sold in bulk at one-half cent per copy.
ESPERANTO AS AN AID TO PEACE.
At a public meeting held in Carnegie institute lec-
ture hall, by the Pittsburgh Esperanto society last week
to discuss the subject of "How can Esperanto Co-operate
with the Hague Conference in the Promotion of World
Peace?" the Rev. Dr. J. Leonard Levy delivered a
powerful address. With Dr. Levy on the platform where
Major Leo S. Smith, an active advocate of universal
peace; Dr. A. A. Hamerschlag, director of the Carnegie
technical school, and James McKirdy, of the Esperanto
society.   They spoke to an audience of about"400.
Dr. Levy said, in part:
"The growth of internationalism during the past de-
cade is a characteristic feature of the new era of
brotherhood, the dawn of which is already observed by
those who are fortunate enough to have ascended the
moral heights of fraternity. The recognition of the
Father Universal has everywhere led to the logical de-
duction that human brotherhood is an essential feature
of the moral and religious life of mankind; but the
logical deduction has been, almost universally, followed
by an illogical mental, moral and material attitude.
We have been holding, as it were, to a God of love and
justice and peace with one hand, and to a devil of hate,
and injustice and war, with the other, through so many
centuries that our inconsistency is almost the only con-
sistent feature of international, national and personal
life.
"Out of the din and confusion of warring interests,
out of the chaos of Chauvinism, out of the fury and
madness of militarism, we are gradually emerging into
the serenity of internationalism. The ascent of man by
the survival of the fittest is assured, and the time is I
not so far distant when the educated conscience of
humanity will forsake its idols, return to the God it
now affects to worship, serve Him in truth and acknowl-
edge that in Him there is neither Scythian, Greek or
Jew, bond or slave, that He made of one blood all people
that on earth do dwell, that all men are equally the ""'
children of the same God, and that the same law of
justice and equity applies to all.
"In pondering and indulging this ideal we do not
forget the actual. We are conscious of the errors and
sins of humanity, we know the false doctrines that keep
asunder those whom God designed to be united. For
some time to come disunion may persist, but the
end is not far off. The dawn of truth is here, the doom
of age-long fetishes is nigh."
"For internationalism is the gospel of the twentieth
century, and the stars in their courses are with it. In
an age of reason, like the present, when education is
common, when ideals are high, when religion is free,
when governments are liberal, when intercourse among
nations is frequent, when mutual interdependence is
understood, armies and navies are still maintained, and,
even on a peace footing, mean an almost incalculable
cost to the producers of the nations, to the so-called
laboring and middle classes who, in the last analysis,
must bear the greatest portion of the burden of taxa-
tion.
"I have given much attention to the question of mili-
tarism, and I can find no rational argument to support
it. Prejudices and castes, love of glory and imperialism,
may find defenders for a military system; they can
find no ethical defense in this age. Willingly and grate-
fully acknowledging the service of the warrior in times
■ESPERANTO BULLETIN
April 1909
past, it is my conviction that the day of militarism is
over and gone, and that the day of peace and arbitra-
tion is here.
"I protest that, except for police duty, the need of
army and navy has been removed. If these arms of
the government are to be continued temporarily, let them
be so reduced that each and every nation be permitted,
by international agreement, to have an equal land and
sea force consisting of an equal number of ships anil
soldiers, the smaller the number the better, to act as
an international police, whose duty it shall be to enforce
the findings of an international high court of justice.
"That court will undoubtedly be the outcome of The
Hague conferences. The two conferences already held
at The Hague are to be followed by a third in the year
1015. The nations of the earth will undoubtedly be
represented, and out of the Babel of tongues there will
be unnecessary confusion. The expression of ideas and
convictions to produce the divine enthusiasm which
causes success to world movements must find some me-
dium of interpretation better than the primitive mode
now adopted at international conventions. Not all rep-
representatives speak one common tongue, and inter-
national conferences will fail to achieve the best pos-
sible results when auditors and speakers do not compre-
hend one the other. Many object to a "manufactured
tongue" as a vehicle of expression. Many believe that a
universal language must grow and not he invented.
Many say that a universal language cannot be success-
fully devised by mechanical means.
"Many believe that only some spoken language, the
medium of national expression, can alone grow to inter-
national proportions. It may be so, hut what I have
heard of Esperanto, from the uses to which we have
seen it put, from the enthusiasm of its advocates, from
the scientific methods employed in its development, I
cannot but feel that it meets the immediate need of a
uniform method of expression at such conferences as
The Hague convention; for centuries may pass before
a now-living tongue may meet all the exigencies of the
occasion so successfully met by Esperanto.
"I am convinced that internationalism needs a uni-
versal tongue as a vehicle of correspondence and con-
versation; I cannot but think that Esperanto may be
successfully employed as that vehicle."
SYNOPSIS OF ESPERANTO GRAMMAR
OPPOSITION TO ESPERANTO.
The growth of Esperanto is making it a force which
must soon he reckoned with in international affairs and
is bringing upon it what seems to be systematic oppo-
sition from ultra-conservative elements. A correspond-
ent of the Bulletin, writing from an inland province of
Mexico and especially requesting that his name be with-
held from publication, states that all his attempts to
form Esperanto clubs were persistently defeated by local
Jesuits, whose opposition was quiet, but none the less
firm and effective. Persons familiar with conditions in
Mexico, where those who oppose the rudng power are
subject to arbitrary arrest, incommunicado imprison-
ment and summary execution as in Russia, will under-
stand why this writer does not wish his name pub-
lished. In both Mexico and Russia the Esperantists are
for the greater part actively or sympathetically allied
with the revolutionary party. Esperanto in the United
States meets with no opposition except from a small
hand of critics who do not really oppose the movement,
but wish to make certain changes in the language. A
remarkable psychological feature of the critical element
is that it contains no women and no young men.
THE ALPHABET con-
sists of twenty-eight letters:
abcĉdefgĝhĥijĵkl
mnoprsŝtuŭvz. The
sounds are as follows;
a is like a in father.
c is like is in hat's.
ĉ is like ch in cltaxch.
e is like a in fate, but not
so long.
g is like g in get.
I is like^- intern.
h is like ch in \och.
i is like ee in see.
j is like y in yet, boy.
ĵ is like z in seizure.
o is like o in roll.
s is like x in so.
§ is like sh in show.
u is like 00 in soon.
ii-is like zv in hozo.
z is like z in zone, seize.
r is slightly rolled or trilled.
The remaining letters are
pronounced exactly as in
English: bdfhklmnp
t v.
PRONUNCIATION
Every  word   is pronounced
exactly   as spelled,  and no
letter is ever silent.
The Accent, stress or em-
phasis is placed on the syl-
lable next to the last: BA-lo;
ne-HE-la; di-li-GEN-ta.
Every vowel (a, e, i, o, u)
adds a syllable : zo-o-lo-gi-o;
tre-eg-e.
GRAMMATICAL    SIGNS
0  the sign of the noun    .    .    amo=fee
A sign   of the  adjective    ■.    ama=affectionate
E adverb......avD.e=affectionately
1  verb infinitive .... skribi=fo -write
AS verb present indicative skribas=writes
IS verb past.....skribis=zc?-oi!z
OS verb future     ....    skribos=zoz?/ write
U verb imperative    .    .    .    skribu=zor2'rc
US verb   conditional     .    .    skribus=zzz?vy/^ zurite
ANT participle, present act. skribanta=zorzVz'«v«-
INT participle past active    skribinta=/zazv'«/r zuz-itten
ONT participle future active skribonta=«owo; to write
AT participle present passive skribata=ŭezVzz/ zurittcn
IT participle   past   passive    skribita=ozz'M written
OT participle future passive skiibota=abouttobezvritten
J, final, indicates plural in nouns and adjectives
N, objective case
PREFIXES
Esperanto is equipped with a system of prefixes and suffixes,
giving a wide range of expression to a very small vocabulary. Tak-
ing a root for the central thought, these are used to express the
variations.of the central idea. In Exercise 42, American Esperanto
Book, there are shown 53 words thus formed from one root. The
only limit to such combinations is clearness.
BO relationship by marriage ; bopatvo—father-in-law
ĈEF chief or principal; ĉefkuiristo=/«'an? cook
DE means from ; deprem=/o take from
DIS dismemberment or separation; disŝiri=fo tear apart
EK to begin suddenly; ekkrii=/o cry out
EKS same as English ex; eksprezidanto=za;-7orc.s'zVfeKr
EL out;  ellabori='o zuork out; elpensi='o think out
FOR away ; foriri=fo go away
GE both sexes; gepatroj=/iazT'»fs
MAL the direct opposite; bona—good; malbona=bad
NE not, neutral; nebela=«a^ beautiful, plain
RE to repeat or reverse ; reiri=zo go back,- iedki=repeat
SEN without, -less ; senhara=6«/t7
SUFFIXES
AD continued action ; kanto=« song ; kantado=singing
AJ the concrete ; bela=r.    utiful;bs\a]o=abeautiful thing
AR collection or group; vortaro=a dictionary
ĈJ diminutive for masculine names ; Vilcjo= Willie
AN inhabitant, partisan; kristano=a Christian
EBL possibility; vidi='o see; -videb\a=visibie
EC abstract quality; beta—-beautiful; beleco=beauty
EG increased degree or size ; grandega=immense
EJ place of action; lerni='o learn; leme]o=sckool
EM tendency, inclination; labotetna=industrious
ER a unit of a collection ; mono=»zo«fy/ monero=« coin
ESTR a leader or head ; urbo=cz'zyy urbestro=z/zayor
ET diminution of size or degree; vireto=a tiny man
ID offspring; kato=a cat, katido=« kitten
IG to cause to become; T\ĉa~rich; riĉigi=ro enrich
Iĝ to become; riĉiĝi='o "get rich"
IL tool, means, instrument; kudri=.?eza/ kudrilo=a needle
IN the feminine ; ixato—-brother; fratino=xz'x'(??-
IND denotes worthiness; kredmda==zoorz/Vy of belief
ING holder for single article ; cigaringo—cigar-holder
1ST a person occupied with ; kantisto=a singer
NJ diminutive for feminine names; ■pan'}a=mamma
UJ that which contains ; kremujo=a cream pitcher
UL one having the quality of ; grandulo—a large person
ESPERANTO BULLETIN
April igog
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more than twenty English text-
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lessons, exercises and large
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to news and propaganda of the
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department of help and criti-
cisms, literature, etc. Organ of
the Esperanto Association of
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PROGRESS OF ESPERANTO ORGANIZATION.
The April issue of the Amcrilca Esperantisto, a special
number, contains the "Adresaro" of the Esperanto As-
sociation of North America. This is the first list of
active Esperantists ever published in America, and is
therefore of especial interest. While there are of course
thousands of Esperantists in the country who are not
yet members of the Association, and in fact many who
have not even heard of it as yet, owing to the short
time the organization has existed, this list represents
Esperantists and persons interested in the international
language idea who so far have done more or less active
work for the furthering of the cause, to the extent at
least of having their names added to the official roll
of Esperantists by contributing the small membership
fee of 25 cents, and by interesting other persons to do
the same.
This number also contains the Constitution of the
E. A. of N. A. in the parallel columns of Esperanto and
English. Gome extracts from the by-laws, and state-
ments concerning the examinations given by the Asso-
ciation, and the diplomas granted to those passing
these examinations. A list of all members of the As-
sociation who had obtained the preliminary diploma,
the "Atesto pri Lernado," and also of those who had
obtained the advanced diploma, the "Atesto pri Kapa-
bleeo," follows these explanations. A list is appended of
members holding diplomas from other recognized bodies,
such as the British Esperanto Association, the French
Association, and the American Esperanto Association
previous to its reorganization last August into the pres-
ent Association. Such diplomas are of course the only
ones of sufficient rank to be recognized officially as
eotiivalent in value to those which can now he obtained
by taking the examinations of the E. A. of N. A. The
list of "Dijilomitoj" from such various parts of the
country shows that it is no longer necessary for any
one wishing a teacher of Esperanto to be content with
an instructor who does not possess a diploma certifying
to his capability for such work.
Then follows the Adresaro proper, beginning with the
officers of the Association, and the members, arranged
according to the geographical divisions which are slated
in the Constitution. Under these division headings, with
the name of the councilor for each division, are arranged
the clubs in the various states and cities, and these in
turn are followed by the list of individual members in
the same states.
The New England Division, which comes first in the
list, has also a larger membership than any other one of
the eleven divisions.   The rest of the divisions take prec-
edence in the following order: Central Division, Ohio
Valley Division, New York Division, Western Division,
Eastern Division, Prairie Division, Soutuwestern Di-
vision, Capitol Division, Canadian Division, (Southern
Division.
A few miscellaneous members are also listed, from
various regions, as Mexico, Canal Zone, Cuba, England,
Scotland, South Africa, Inula, and Germany.
In eacli ease the membership number in the Associa-
tion precedes the name of the members. The highest
number in the list is 2,582.
As a list of Esperantists from such varied localities,
this is exceedingly useful to all who wish to confer
with fellow-Esperantists in any desired region, whether
concerning propaganda work or merely for the sake of
practice in the language and the forming of pleasant
acquaintances among "samideanoj," and the Adresaro
should be in the possession of all Esperantists. Mem-
bers of the Association may receive the Adresaro number
of the Esperantisto without charge, others who are not
subscribers to Amcrilca Esperantisto can obtain it by
sending 10 cents to the American Esperantist Co.
Last November the Associated Press gave out a report
based on a quarrel among five members of the New York
Esperanto Society stating that Esperanto was beginning
to decline in popularity. Since that time, three new
Esperanto periodicals have appeared in North America,
eight or ten in Europe, over two hundred new clubs
have been organized, and the publishers of the American
Esperanto Rook have printed the largest edition yet
issued. Pliyrrus defeated the Roman in battle, hut at.
such cost lie was compelled to admit that one more
victory would end his career. Another "decline" like
that in Esperanto, and the opposing forces will be
obliterated by its impact 1
There are in the United (States seven periodicals de-
voted to Esperanto, and three in Mexico. Since the
beginning of the Esperanto movement nearly two hun-
dred periodicals have been issued by the devotees of the
language, most of them continuing only as long as the
enthusiasm of the founders lasted. However, there are
now about seventy, which is a much larger number than
could be, shown by many national languages and dialects.
Amerika Esperantisto publishes an nueresting letter
from a farmer of Saskatchewan telling how his neighbors
come for miles in sleighs to attend the winter meetings
of the local Esperanto club.